;;;   			Ontology of Geography  				;;;

;; Access to and use of these products is governed by the GNU General Public 
;; License <http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html>. 
;; By using these products, you agree to be bound by the terms 
;; of the GPL.

;; Those who are interested in making use of this ontology are urged 
;; to contact Adam Pease (adampease@earthlink.net).
;; Version date: July, 2004
;; We ask the people using or referencing this work cite our primary paper:

;; Niles, I., and Pease, A.  2001.  Towards a Standard Upper Ontology.  In 
;; Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Formal Ontology in 
;; Information Systems (FOIS-2001), Chris Welty and Barry Smith, eds, 
;; Ogunquit, Maine, October 17-19, 2001.  


;; Authors:  Deborah Nichols 
;;		 Part I incorporates some material by Doug Wulf.
;;		 Part II incorporates some material from earlier Terrain.kif
;;			by Olga Babko-Malaya.
	
;;-----------------------------------------------------------------------

;; Ontology dependencies for Geography.kif: Merge.txt, elements.kif

;;-----------------------------------------------------------------------

;; Outline
;; I. Geography Terms for the CIA World Fact Book
;;    A. Location
;; 	B. Geographic coordinates
;; 	C. Map references
;; 	D. Area
;; 	E. Area - comparative
;; 	F. Land boundaries
;; 	G. Coastline
;; 	H. Maritime claims
;; 	I. Climate
;; 	J. Terrain
;; 	K. Elevation extremes
;; 	L. Natural resources
;; 	M. Land use
;; 	N. Irrigated land
;; 	O. Natural hazards
;; 	P. Environment - current issues
;; 	Q. Environment - international agreements
;; 	R. Geography - note
;; 
;; II. General Geography Terms and Background
;; 	A. Planet Geography & Astronomical Bodies
;;	B. Directions and Distances
;;	C. Land Forms
;; 	D. Water Areas
;;	   1. Oceans & Seas
;;	   2. Tides & Currents
;;	   3. Water Subregions
;;	   4. Fresh Water Areas
;; 	E. Coastal and Shoreline Areas
;; 	F. Air and Atmosphere
;; 	G. Weather & Climate
;; 	H. Vegetation and Biomes
;;	I. Natural Disasters
;;	J. Environmental Areas of Concern

;;-----------------------------------------------------------------------

;; GEOGRAPHY ONTOLOGY 

;;-----------------------------------------------------------------------

;; I. Geography Terms for the CIA World Fact Book

;; A. Location
;;	Identifies country's regional location, neighbors & adjacent waters.

; Regions used by 2002 CIA WFB to describe country locations:

(instance CentralAfrica GeographicArea)
(instance EasternAfrica GeographicArea)
(instance NorthernAfrica GeographicArea)
(instance SouthernAfrica GeographicArea)
(instance WesternAfrica GeographicArea)
(instance MiddleEastRegion GeographicArea)
(instance CentralEurope GeographicArea)
(instance EasternEurope GeographicArea)
(instance NorthernEurope GeographicArea)
(instance SouthernEurope GeographicArea)
(instance WesternEurope GeographicArea)
(instance SoutheasternEurope GeographicArea)
(instance SouthwesternEurope GeographicArea)
(instance NorthAmerica GeographicArea)
(instance NorthernNorthAmerica GeographicArea)
(instance CaribbeanRegion GeographicArea)
(instance MiddleAmerica GeographicArea)
(instance CentralSouthAmerica GeographicArea)
(instance EasternSouthAmerica GeographicArea)
(instance NorthernSouthAmerica GeographicArea)
(instance SouthernSouthAmerica GeographicArea)
(instance WesternSouthAmerica GeographicArea)
(instance CentralAsia GeographicArea)
(instance EasternAsia GeographicArea)
(instance NorthernAsia GeographicArea)
(instance SouthernAsia GeographicArea)
(instance SoutheasternAsia GeographicArea)
(instance SouthwesternAsia GeographicArea)
(instance Oceania GeographicArea)

(names "Central Africa" CentralAfrica)
(names "Eastern Africa" EasternAfrica)
(names "Northern Africa" NorthernAfrica)
(names "Southern Africa" SouthernAfrica)
(names "Western Africa" WesternAfrica)
(names "Middle East" MiddleEastRegion)
(names "Central Europe" CentralEurope)
(names "Eastern Europe" EasternEurope)
(names "Northern Europe" NorthernEurope)
(names "Southern Europe" SouthernEurope)
(names "Western Europe" WesternEurope)
(names "Southeastern Europe" SoutheasternEurope)
(names "Southwestern Europe" SouthwesternEurope)
(names "North America" NorthAmerica)
(names "Northern North America" NorthernNorthAmerica)
(names "Caribbean Region" CaribbeanRegion)
(names "Caribbean" CaribbeanRegion)
(names "Middle America" MiddleAmerica)
(names "Central South America" CentralSouthAmerica)
(names "Eastern South America" EasternSouthAmerica)
(names "Northern South America" NorthernSouthAmerica)
(names "Southern South America" SouthernSouthAmerica)
(names "Western South America" WesternSouthAmerica)
(names "Central Asia" CentralAsia)
(names "Eastern Asia" EasternAsia)
(names "Northern Asia" NorthernAsia)
(names "Southern Asia" SouthernAsia)
(names "Southeastern Asia" SoutheasternAsia)
(names "Southwestern Asia" SouthwesternAsia)
(names "Oceania" Oceania)

(geographicSubregion CentralAfrica Africa)
(geographicSubregion EasternAfrica Africa)
(geographicSubregion NorthernAfrica Africa)
(geographicSubregion SouthernAfrica Africa)
(geographicSubregion WesternAfrica Africa)

(instance MiddleEastRegion GeopoliticalArea)
(overlapsSpatially MiddleEastRegion Asia)

(documentation MiddleEastRegion "&%MiddleEastRegion is a 
&%GeopoliticalArea that comprises countries of Southwestern &%Asia 
and (in some definitions) Northwestern &%Africa.  Here this term is 
defined as in the CIA World Fact Book, in which the Middle East 
includes: Bahrain, Cyprus, the Gaza Strip, Iran, Iraq, Israel, 
Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, the United 
Arab Emirates, the West Bank, and Yemen.")

(geographicSubregion CentralEurope Europe)
(geographicSubregion EasternEurope Europe)
(geographicSubregion NorthernEurope Europe)
(geographicSubregion SouthernEurope Europe)
(geographicSubregion WesternEurope Europe)
(geographicSubregion SoutheasternEurope Europe)
(geographicSubregion SouthwesternEurope Europe)

(geographicSubregion NorthernNorthAmerica NorthAmerica)

(overlapsSpatially CaribbeanRegion SouthAmerica)
(overlapsSpatially CaribbeanRegion NorthAmerica)
(overlapsSpatially MiddleAmerica NorthAmerica)
(overlapsSpatially MiddleAmerica SouthAmerica)

(geographicSubregion CentralSouthAmerica SouthAmerica)
(geographicSubregion EasternSouthAmerica SouthAmerica)
(geographicSubregion NorthernSouthAmerica SouthAmerica)
(geographicSubregion SouthernSouthAmerica SouthAmerica)
(geographicSubregion WesternSouthAmerica SouthAmerica)

(geographicSubregion CentralAsia Asia)
(geographicSubregion EasternAsia Asia)
(geographicSubregion NorthernAsia Asia)
(geographicSubregion NorthernAsia NorthernHemisphere)

(geographicSubregion SouthernAsia Asia)
(geographicSubregion SoutheasternAsia Asia)
(geographicSubregion SouthwesternAsia Asia)

(geographicSubregion CentralAfrica EasternHemisphere)
(overlapsSpatially CentralAfrica NorthernHemisphere)
(overlapsSpatially CentralAfrica SouthernHemisphere)

(geographicSubregion EasternAfrica EasternHemisphere)
(overlapsSpatially EasternAfrica NorthernHemisphere)
(overlapsSpatially EasternAfrica SouthernHemisphere)

(overlapsSpatially NorthernAfrica EasternHemisphere)
(overlapsSpatially NorthernAfrica WesternHemisphere)
(geographicSubregion NorthernAfrica NorthernHemisphere)

(geographicSubregion SouthernAfrica EasternHemisphere)
(geographicSubregion SouthernAfrica SouthernHemisphere)

(overlapsSpatially WesternAfrica EasternHemisphere)
(overlapsSpatially WesternAfrica WesternHemisphere)
(overlapsSpatially WesternAfrica NorthernHemisphere)
(overlapsSpatially WesternAfrica SouthernHemisphere)

(geographicSubregion MiddleEastRegion EasternHemisphere)
(geographicSubregion MiddleEastRegion WesternHemisphere)

(geographicSubregion EasternEurope EasternHemisphere)
(geographicSubregion EasternEurope NorthernHemisphere)

(geographicSubregion CentralEurope EasternHemisphere)
(geographicSubregion CentralEurope NorthernHemisphere)

(geographicSubregion NorthernEurope EasternHemisphere)
(geographicSubregion NorthernEurope NorthernHemisphere)

(geographicSubregion SouthernEurope EasternHemisphere)
(geographicSubregion SouthernEurope NorthernHemisphere)

(overlapsSpatially WesternEurope EasternHemisphere)
(overlapsSpatially WesternEurope WesternHemisphere)
(geographicSubregion WesternEurope NorthernHemisphere)

(geographicSubregion SoutheasternEurope EasternHemisphere)
(geographicSubregion SoutheasternEurope NorthernHemisphere)

(overlapsSpatially SouthwesternEurope EasternHemisphere)
(overlapsSpatially SouthwesternEurope WesternHemisphere)
(geographicSubregion SouthwesternEurope NorthernHemisphere)

(geographicSubregion CaribbeanRegion NorthernHemisphere)
(geographicSubregion CaribbeanRegion WesternHemisphere)

(geographicSubregion MiddleAmerica NorthernHemisphere)
(geographicSubregion MiddleAmerica WesternHemisphere)

(geographicSubregion CentralSouthAmerica WesternHemisphere)
(geographicSubregion CentralSouthAmerica SouthernHemisphere)

(geographicSubregion EasternSouthAmerica WesternHemisphere)
(overlapsSpatially EasternSouthAmerica NorthernHemisphere)
(overlapsSpatially EasternSouthAmerica SouthernHemisphere)

(geographicSubregion NorthernSouthAmerica WesternHemisphere)
(overlapsSpatially NorthernSouthAmerica NorthernHemisphere)
(overlapsSpatially NorthernSouthAmerica SouthernHemisphere)

(geographicSubregion SouthernSouthAmerica WesternHemisphere)
(geographicSubregion SouthernSouthAmerica SouthernHemisphere)

(geographicSubregion WesternSouthAmerica WesternHemisphere)
(overlapsSpatially WesternSouthAmerica NorthernHemisphere)
(overlapsSpatially WesternSouthAmerica SouthernHemisphere)

(geographicSubregion CentralAsia EasternHemisphere)
(geographicSubregion CentralAsia NorthernHemisphere)

(geographicSubregion EasternAsia EasternHemisphere)
(geographicSubregion EasternAsia NorthernHemisphere)

(geographicSubregion NorthernAsia EasternHemisphere)

(geographicSubregion SouthernAsia EasternHemisphere)
(overlapsSpatially SouthernAsia NorthernHemisphere)
(overlapsSpatially SouthernAsia SouthernHemisphere)

(geographicSubregion SoutheasternAsia EasternHemisphere)
(overlapsSpatially SoutheasternAsia NorthernHemisphere)
(overlapsSpatially SoutheasternAsia SouthernHemisphere)

(geographicSubregion SouthwesternAsia EasternHemisphere)
(geographicSubregion SouthwesternAsia NorthernHemisphere)

(orientation Europe Africa North)
(orientation Europe Asia West)
(orientation Europe NorthAmerica East)
(orientation NorthAmerica SouthAmerica North)
(orientation NorthAmerica Asia East)
(orientation Africa SouthAmerica Northeast)
(orientation Asia Oceania Northwest)
(orientation Africa NorthAmerica Southeast)
(orientation Europe SouthAmerica Northeast)
(orientation Oceania NorthAmerica Southwest)
(orientation MiddleEastRegion Asia Southwest)
(orientation MiddleEastRegion Africa Northeast)
(orientation MiddleAmerica SouthAmerica North)
(orientation MiddleAmerica NorthAmerica South)
(orientation CaribbeanRegion SouthAmerica North)
(orientation CaribbeanRegion NorthAmerica South)
(=>
	(and
		(instance ?LAND Continent)
		(not (equal ?LAND Antarctica)))
	(orientation Antarctica ?LAND South))

(=>
	(connects ?MID ?END1 ?END2)
	(connects ?MID ?END2 ?END1))

(=>
	(connects ?MID ?END1 ?END2)
	(between ?END1 ?MID ?END2))

(=>
	(between ?END1 ?MID ?END2)
	(between ?END2 ?MID ?END1))

;;-----------------------------------------------------------------------

;; Country locations by region (per 2002 CIA WFB):
;; Note that some more major (or more western) countries are defined in MILO.
;; Other countries are defined in Government.kif.

;; Central Africa:

(geographicSubregion Burundi CentralAfrica)
(geographicSubregion CentralAfricanRepublic CentralAfrica)
(geographicSubregion Chad CentralAfrica)
(geographicSubregion DemocraticRepublicOfTheCongo CentralAfrica)
(geographicSubregion Rwanda CentralAfrica)

;; Eastern Africa:
(geographicSubregion Djibouti EasternAfrica)
(geographicSubregion Eritrea EasternAfrica)
(geographicSubregion Ethiopia EasternAfrica)
(geographicSubregion Kenya EasternAfrica)
(geographicSubregion Seychelles EasternAfrica)
(geographicSubregion Somalia EasternAfrica)
(geographicSubregion Tanzania EasternAfrica)
(geographicSubregion Uganda EasternAfrica)

;; Northern Africa:

(geographicSubregion Algeria NorthernAfrica)
(geographicSubregion Egypt NorthernAfrica)
(geographicSubregion Libya NorthernAfrica)
(geographicSubregion Mauritania NorthernAfrica)
(geographicSubregion Morocco NorthernAfrica)
(geographicSubregion Sudan NorthernAfrica)
(geographicSubregion Tunisia NorthernAfrica)
(geographicSubregion WesternSahara NorthernAfrica)

;; Southern Africa:
(instance BassasDaIndia LandArea)
(instance BouvetIsland LandArea)
(instance EuropaIsland LandArea)
(instance GloriosoIslands LandArea)
(instance HeardIslandAndMcDonaldIslands LandArea)
(instance JuanDeNovaIsland LandArea)
(instance Mayotte LandArea)
(instance TromelinIsland LandArea)

(geographicSubregion Angola SouthernAfrica)
(geographicSubregion BassasDaIndia SouthernAfrica)
(geographicSubregion Botswana SouthernAfrica)
(geographicSubregion BouvetIsland SouthernAfrica)
(geographicSubregion Comoros SouthernAfrica)
(geographicSubregion EuropaIsland SouthernAfrica)
(geographicSubregion GloriosoIslands SouthernAfrica)
(geographicSubregion HeardIslandAndMcDonaldIslands SouthernAfrica)
(geographicSubregion JuanDeNovaIsland SouthernAfrica)
(geographicSubregion Lesotho SouthernAfrica)
(geographicSubregion Madagascar SouthernAfrica)
(geographicSubregion Malawi SouthernAfrica)
(geographicSubregion Mauritius SouthernAfrica)
(geographicSubregion Mayotte SouthernAfrica)
(geographicSubregion Mozambique SouthernAfrica)
(geographicSubregion Namibia SouthernAfrica)
(geographicSubregion Reunion SouthernAfrica)
(geographicSubregion SouthAfrica SouthernAfrica)
(geographicSubregion Swaziland SouthernAfrica)
(geographicSubregion TromelinIsland SouthernAfrica)
(geographicSubregion Zambia SouthernAfrica)
(geographicSubregion Zimbabwe SouthernAfrica)

;; Western Africa:

(geographicSubregion Benin WesternAfrica)
(geographicSubregion BurkinaFaso WesternAfrica)
(geographicSubregion Cameroon WesternAfrica)
(geographicSubregion CapeVerde WesternAfrica)
(geographicSubregion DemocraticRepublicOfTheCongo WesternAfrica)
(geographicSubregion CoteDIvoire WesternAfrica)
(geographicSubregion EquatorialGuinea WesternAfrica)
(geographicSubregion Gabon WesternAfrica)
(geographicSubregion Gambia WesternAfrica)
(geographicSubregion Ghana WesternAfrica)
(geographicSubregion Guinea WesternAfrica)
(geographicSubregion GuineaBissau WesternAfrica)
(geographicSubregion Liberia WesternAfrica)
(geographicSubregion Mali WesternAfrica)
(geographicSubregion Niger WesternAfrica)
(geographicSubregion Nigeria WesternAfrica)
(geographicSubregion SaoTomeAndPrincipe WesternAfrica)
(geographicSubregion Senegal WesternAfrica)
(geographicSubregion SierraLeone WesternAfrica)
(geographicSubregion Togo WesternAfrica)

;; South Atlantic Ocean
(located SaintHelena SouthAtlanticOcean)
(instance SaintHelena LandArea)
(between SouthAmerica SaintHelena WesternAfrica)

;; Middle East Region:

(instance GazaStrip LandArea)
(instance WestBank LandArea)

(geographicSubregion Bahrain MiddleEastRegion)
(geographicSubregion Cyprus MiddleEastRegion)
(geographicSubregion GazaStrip MiddleEastRegion)
(geographicSubregion Iran MiddleEastRegion)
(geographicSubregion Iraq MiddleEastRegion)
(geographicSubregion Israel MiddleEastRegion)
(geographicSubregion Jordan MiddleEastRegion)
(geographicSubregion Kuwait MiddleEastRegion)
(geographicSubregion Lebanon MiddleEastRegion)
(geographicSubregion Oman MiddleEastRegion)
(geographicSubregion Qatar MiddleEastRegion)
(geographicSubregion SaudiArabia MiddleEastRegion)
(geographicSubregion Syria MiddleEastRegion)
(geographicSubregion UnitedArabEmirates MiddleEastRegion)
(geographicSubregion WestBank MiddleEastRegion)
(geographicSubregion Yemen MiddleEastRegion)

;; Central Europe:

(geographicSubregion Austria CentralEurope)
(geographicSubregion CzechRepublic CentralEurope)
(geographicSubregion Germany CentralEurope)
(geographicSubregion Hungary CentralEurope)
(geographicSubregion Liechtenstein CentralEurope)
(geographicSubregion Poland CentralEurope)
(geographicSubregion Slovakia CentralEurope)
(geographicSubregion Slovenia CentralEurope)
(geographicSubregion Switzerland CentralEurope)

;; Former Soviet Europe:

(geographicSubregion Belarus EasternEurope)
(geographicSubregion Estonia EasternEurope)
(geographicSubregion Latvia EasternEurope)
(geographicSubregion Lithuania EasternEurope)
(geographicSubregion Moldova EasternEurope)
(geographicSubregion Ukraine EasternEurope)

;; Northern Europe:

(instance FaroeIslands LandArea)
(instance JanMayenIsland LandArea)
(instance Svalbard LandArea)

(geographicSubregion Denmark NorthernEurope)
(geographicSubregion FaroeIslands NorthernEurope)
(geographicSubregion Finland NorthernEurope)
(geographicSubregion Iceland NorthernEurope)
(geographicSubregion JanMayenIsland NorthernEurope)
(geographicSubregion Norway NorthernEurope)
(geographicSubregion Svalbard NorthernEurope)
(geographicSubregion Sweden NorthernEurope)

;; Southern Europe:

(geographicSubregion Greece SouthernEurope)
(geographicSubregion HolySee SouthernEurope)
(geographicSubregion Italy SouthernEurope)
(geographicSubregion Malta SouthernEurope)
(geographicSubregion SanMarino SouthernEurope)

;; Western Europe:

(instance Guernsey LandArea)
(instance Jersey LandArea)
(instance IsleOfMan LandArea)

(geographicSubregion Belgium WesternEurope)
(geographicSubregion France WesternEurope)
(geographicSubregion Guernsey WesternEurope)
(geographicSubregion Ireland WesternEurope)
(geographicSubregion Jersey WesternEurope)
(geographicSubregion Luxembourg WesternEurope)
(geographicSubregion IsleOfMan WesternEurope)
(geographicSubregion Monaco WesternEurope)
(geographicSubregion Netherlands WesternEurope)
(geographicSubregion UnitedKingdom WesternEurope)

;; Southeastern Europe:
(geographicSubregion Albania SoutheasternEurope)
(geographicSubregion BosniaAndHerzegovina SoutheasternEurope)
(geographicSubregion Bulgaria SoutheasternEurope)
(geographicSubregion Croatia SoutheasternEurope)
(geographicSubregion Macedonia SoutheasternEurope)
(geographicSubregion Romania SoutheasternEurope)
(geographicSubregion Turkey SoutheasternEurope)
(geographicSubregion SerbiaAndMontenegro SoutheasternEurope)

;; Southwestern Europe:
(instance Gibraltar LandArea)

(geographicSubregion Andorra SouthwesternEurope)
(geographicSubregion Gibraltar SouthwesternEurope)
(geographicSubregion Portugal SouthwesternEurope)
(geographicSubregion Spain SouthwesternEurope)

;; North America:
; (instance UnitedStates Nation)

(instance Bermuda LandArea)
(instance Greenland LandArea)
(instance SaintPierreAndMiquelon LandArea)

(geographicSubregion Bermuda NorthAmerica)
(geographicSubregion UnitedStates NorthAmerica)

(geographicSubregion Canada NorthernNorthAmerica)
(geographicSubregion Greenland NorthernNorthAmerica)
(geographicSubregion SaintPierreAndMiquelon NorthernNorthAmerica)

;; Caribbean Region:

(instance Anguilla LandArea)
(instance Aruba LandArea)
(instance BritishVirginIslands LandArea)
(instance CaymanIslands LandArea)
(instance Guadeloupe LandArea)
(instance Martinique LandArea)
(instance Montserrat LandArea)
(instance NavassaIsland LandArea)
(instance NetherlandsAntilles LandArea)
(instance PuertoRico LandArea)
(instance TurksAndCaicosIslands LandArea)
(instance VirginIslands LandArea)

(geographicSubregion Anguilla CaribbeanRegion)
(geographicSubregion AntiguaAndBarbuda CaribbeanRegion)
(geographicSubregion Aruba CaribbeanRegion)
(geographicSubregion TheBahamas CaribbeanRegion)
(geographicSubregion Barbados CaribbeanRegion)
(geographicSubregion BritishVirginIslands CaribbeanRegion)
(geographicSubregion CaymanIslands CaribbeanRegion)
(geographicSubregion Cuba CaribbeanRegion)
(geographicSubregion Dominica CaribbeanRegion)
(geographicSubregion DominicanRepublic CaribbeanRegion)
(geographicSubregion Grenada CaribbeanRegion)
(geographicSubregion Guadeloupe CaribbeanRegion)
(geographicSubregion Haiti CaribbeanRegion)
(geographicSubregion Jamaica CaribbeanRegion)
(geographicSubregion Martinique CaribbeanRegion)
(geographicSubregion Montserrat CaribbeanRegion)
(geographicSubregion NavassaIsland CaribbeanRegion)
(geographicSubregion NetherlandsAntilles CaribbeanRegion)
(geographicSubregion PuertoRico CaribbeanRegion)
(geographicSubregion SaintKittsAndNevis CaribbeanRegion)
(geographicSubregion SaintLucia CaribbeanRegion)
(geographicSubregion SaintVincentAndTheGrenadines CaribbeanRegion)
(geographicSubregion TrinidadAndTobago CaribbeanRegion)
(geographicSubregion TurksAndCaicosIslands CaribbeanRegion)
(geographicSubregion VirginIslands CaribbeanRegion)

;; Middle America:

(instance ClippertonIsland LandArea)

(geographicSubregion Belize MiddleAmerica)
(geographicSubregion ClippertonIsland MiddleAmerica)
(geographicSubregion CostaRica MiddleAmerica)
(geographicSubregion ElSalvador MiddleAmerica)
(geographicSubregion Guatemala MiddleAmerica)
(geographicSubregion Honduras MiddleAmerica)
(geographicSubregion Mexico MiddleAmerica)
(geographicSubregion Nicaragua MiddleAmerica)
(geographicSubregion Panama MiddleAmerica)

;; South America:

(instance FrenchGuiana LandArea)
(instance FalklandIslands LandArea)
(instance SouthGeorgiaAndTheSouthSandwichIslands LandArea)
                                             
(geographicSubregion Bolivia CentralSouthAmerica)
(geographicSubregion Paraguay CentralSouthAmerica)

(geographicSubregion Brazil EasternSouthAmerica)

(geographicSubregion Colombia NorthernSouthAmerica)
(geographicSubregion FrenchGuiana NorthernSouthAmerica)
(geographicSubregion Guyana NorthernSouthAmerica)
(geographicSubregion Suriname NorthernSouthAmerica)
(geographicSubregion Venezuela NorthernSouthAmerica)

(geographicSubregion Argentina SouthernSouthAmerica)
(geographicSubregion Chile SouthernSouthAmerica)
(geographicSubregion FalklandIslands SouthernSouthAmerica)
(geographicSubregion SouthGeorgiaAndTheSouthSandwichIslands SouthernSouthAmerica)
(geographicSubregion Uruguay SouthernSouthAmerica)

(geographicSubregion Ecuador WesternSouthAmerica)
(geographicSubregion Peru WesternSouthAmerica)

;; Central Asia:

(geographicSubregion Kazakhstan CentralAsia)
(geographicSubregion Kyrgyzstan CentralAsia)
(geographicSubregion Tajikistan CentralAsia)
(geographicSubregion Turkmenistan CentralAsia)
(geographicSubregion Uzbekistan CentralAsia)

;; Eastern Asia:

(instance HongKong LandArea)
(instance Macau LandArea)

(geographicSubregion China EasternAsia)
(geographicSubregion HongKong EasternAsia)
(geographicSubregion Japan EasternAsia)
(geographicSubregion NorthKorea EasternAsia)
(geographicSubregion SouthKorea EasternAsia)
(geographicSubregion Macau EasternAsia)
(geographicSubregion Taiwan EasternAsia)

(geographicSubregion Mongolia NorthernAsia)
(geographicSubregion Russia NorthernAsia)

;; Southern Asia:
(instance BritishIndianOceanTerritory LandArea)

(geographicSubregion Afghanistan SouthernAsia)
(geographicSubregion Bangladesh SouthernAsia)
(geographicSubregion Bhutan SouthernAsia)
(geographicSubregion BritishIndianOceanTerritory SouthernAsia)
(geographicSubregion India SouthernAsia)
(geographicSubregion Maldives SouthernAsia)
(geographicSubregion Nepal SouthernAsia)
(geographicSubregion Pakistan SouthernAsia)
(geographicSubregion SriLanka SouthernAsia)

;; Indian Ocean 
(located FrenchSouthernAndAntarcticLands IndianOcean)
(instance FrenchSouthernAndAntarcticLands LandArea)
(located FrenchSouthernAndAntarcticLands (DirectionalSubregionFn South IndianOcean))

;; Southeastern Asia:

(instance AshmoreAndCartierIslands LandArea)
(instance ChristmasIsland LandArea)
(instance CocosKeelingIslands LandArea)
(instance ParacelIslands LandArea)
(instance SpratlyIslands LandArea)

(geographicSubregion AshmoreAndCartierIslands SoutheasternAsia)
(geographicSubregion Brunei SoutheasternAsia)
(geographicSubregion Burma SoutheasternAsia)
(geographicSubregion Cambodia SoutheasternAsia)
(geographicSubregion ChristmasIsland SoutheasternAsia)
(geographicSubregion CocosKeelingIslands SoutheasternAsia)
(geographicSubregion EastTimor SoutheasternAsia)
(geographicSubregion Indonesia SoutheasternAsia)
(geographicSubregion Laos SoutheasternAsia)
(geographicSubregion Malaysia SoutheasternAsia)
(geographicSubregion PapuaNewGuinea SoutheasternAsia)
(geographicSubregion ParacelIslands SoutheasternAsia)
(geographicSubregion Philippines SoutheasternAsia)
(geographicSubregion Singapore SoutheasternAsia)
(geographicSubregion SpratlyIslands SoutheasternAsia)
(geographicSubregion Thailand SoutheasternAsia)
(geographicSubregion Vietnam SoutheasternAsia)

;; Southwestern Asia:
(geographicSubregion Armenia SouthwesternAsia)
(geographicSubregion Azerbaijan SouthwesternAsia)
(geographicSubregion RepublicOfGeorgia SouthwesternAsia)

;; Oceania:

(instance AmericanSamoa LandArea)
(instance BakerIsland LandArea)
(instance CookIslands LandArea)
(instance CoralSeaIslands LandArea)
(instance FrenchPolynesia LandArea)
(instance Guam LandArea)
(instance HowlandIsland LandArea)
(instance JarvisIsland LandArea)
(instance JohnstonAtoll LandArea)
(instance KingmanReef LandArea)
(instance MidwayIslands LandArea)
(instance NewCaledonia LandArea)
(instance Niue LandArea)
(instance NorfolkIsland LandArea)
(instance NorthernMarianaIslands LandArea)
(instance PalmyraAtoll LandArea)
(instance PitcairnIslands LandArea)
(instance Tokelau LandArea)
(instance WakeIsland LandArea)
(instance WallisAndFutuna LandArea)

(geographicSubregion AmericanSamoa Oceania)
(geographicSubregion Australia Oceania)
(geographicSubregion BakerIsland Oceania)
(geographicSubregion CookIslands Oceania)
(geographicSubregion CoralSeaIslands Oceania)
(geographicSubregion Fiji Oceania)
(geographicSubregion FrenchPolynesia Oceania)
(geographicSubregion Guam Oceania)
(geographicSubregion HowlandIsland Oceania)
(geographicSubregion JarvisIsland Oceania)
(geographicSubregion JohnstonAtoll Oceania)
(geographicSubregion KingmanReef Oceania)
(geographicSubregion Kiribati Oceania)
(geographicSubregion MarshallIslands Oceania)
(geographicSubregion Micronesia Oceania)
(geographicSubregion MidwayIslands Oceania)
(geographicSubregion Nauru Oceania)
(geographicSubregion NewCaledonia Oceania)
(geographicSubregion NewZealand Oceania)
(geographicSubregion Niue Oceania)
(geographicSubregion NorfolkIsland Oceania)
(geographicSubregion NorthernMarianaIslands Oceania)
(geographicSubregion Palau Oceania)
(geographicSubregion PalmyraAtoll Oceania)
(geographicSubregion PitcairnIslands Oceania)
(geographicSubregion Samoa Oceania)
(geographicSubregion SolomonIslands Oceania)
(geographicSubregion Tokelau Oceania)
(geographicSubregion Tonga Oceania)
(geographicSubregion Tuvalu Oceania)
(geographicSubregion Vanuatu Oceania)
(geographicSubregion WakeIsland Oceania)
(geographicSubregion WallisAndFutuna Oceania)

;;-----------------------------------------------------------------------
;; B. Geographic coordinates

(subclass Latitude Region)
(names "latitude" Latitude)
(names "parallel" Latitude)
(synonymousExternalConcept "latitude" Latitude EnglishLanguage)

(documentation Latitude "&%Latitude is the class of &%Regions, 
associated with areas on the Earth's surface, which are parallels 
measured in &%PlaneAngleDegrees from the &%Equator.")

(subclass Longitude Region)
(names "longitude" Longitude)
(names "meridian" Longitude)
(synonymousExternalConcept "longitude" Longitude EnglishLanguage)

(documentation Longitude "&%Longitude is the class of &%Regions, 
associated with areas on the Earth's surface, which are meridians 
measured in &%PlaneAngleDegrees from the &%PrimeMeridian through 
&%GreenwichEnglandUK.")

(instance GreenwichEnglandUK City)

(instance objectGeographicCoordinates TernaryPredicate)
(domain objectGeographicCoordinates 1 Object)
(domain objectGeographicCoordinates 2 Latitude)
(domain objectGeographicCoordinates 3 Longitude)

(documentation objectGeographicCoordinates 
"(&%objectGeographicCoordinates ?OBJECT ?LAT ?LONG) means that 
the &%Object ?OBJECT is found at the geographic coordinates 
?LAT and ?LONG.")

(instance GeographicCenterFn UnaryFunction)
(names "geographic center" GeographicCenterFn)
(domain GeographicCenterFn 1 GeographicArea)
(range GeographicCenterFn GeographicArea)

(documentation GeographicCenterFn 
"(&%GeographicCenterFn ?REGION) denotes the geographical center 
of the &%GeographicArea ?REGION.")

(=>
	(and
		(instance ?REGION GeographicArea)
		(instance (GeographicCenterFn ?REGION) GeographicArea))
	(geographicSubregion (GeographicCenterFn ?REGION) ?REGION))

(=>
	(and
		(instance ?REGION GeographicArea)
		(objectGeographicCoordinates 
			(GeographicCenterFn ?REGION) ?LAT ?LONG))
	(objectGeographicCoordinates ?REGION ?LAT ?LONG))

;; See Merge.txt for definitions of &%PlaneAngleMeasure and &%AngularDegree

;; Additional assertions for &%AngularDegree:
(=> 
	(measure ?ANGLE (MeasureFn ?NUMBER AngularDegree)) 
	(greaterThanOrEqualTo ?NUMBER 0))

(=> 
	(measure ?ANGLE (MeasureFn ?NUMBER AngularDegree)) 
	(lessThanOrEqualTo ?NUMBER 360))

(subclass ArcMinute PlaneAngleMeasure)
(instance ArcMinute UnitOfMeasure)

(documentation ArcMinute "&%ArcMinute represents a &%UnitOfMeasure 
equivalent to 1/60th of an &%AngularDegree.")

(=> 
	(measure ?ANGLE (MeasureFn ?NUMBER ArcMinute)) 
	(greaterThanOrEqualTo ?NUMBER 0))

(=> 
	(measure ?ANGLE (MeasureFn ?NUMBER ArcMinute)) 
	(lessThanOrEqualTo ?NUMBER 60))

(<=>
	(measure ?OBJ (MeasureFn ?DEG AngularDegree))
	(measure ?OBJ (MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn 60 ?DEG) ArcMinute)))

(equal (MeasureFn 1 AngularDegree) (MeasureFn 60 ArcMinute))
(equal (MeasureFn ?NUM AngularDegree) (MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn 60 ?NUM) ArcMinute))

(subclass ArcSecond PlaneAngleMeasure)
(instance ArcSecond UnitOfMeasure)

(documentation ArcSecond "&%ArcSecond represents a &%UnitOfMeasure 
equivalent to 1/60th of an &%ArcMinute.")

(=> 
	(measure ?ANGLE (MeasureFn ?NUMBER ArcSecond)) 
	(greaterThanOrEqualTo ?NUMBER 0))

(=> 
	(measure ?ANGLE (MeasureFn ?NUMBER ArcSecond)) 
	(lessThanOrEqualTo ?NUMBER 60))

(<=>
	(measure ?OBJ (MeasureFn ?DEG ArcMinute))
	(measure ?OBJ (MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn 60 ?DEG) ArcSecond)))

(equal (MeasureFn 1 ArcMinute) (MeasureFn 60 ArcSecond))
(equal (MeasureFn ?DEG ArcMinute) (MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn 60 ?DEG) ArcSecond))

(instance LatitudeFn VariableArityRelation)
(instance LatitudeFn Function)
(domain LatitudeFn 1 DirectionalAttribute)
(domain LatitudeFn 2 AngularDegree)
(domain LatitudeFn 3 ArcMinute)
(domain LatitudeFn 4 ArcSecond)
(range LatitudeFn Region)
(synonymousExternalConcept "Latitude" LatitudeFn EnglishLanguage)

(documentation LatitudeFn "&%LatitudeFn is a &%VariableArityRelation 
used to denote a parallel of latitude.  Examples: 
(&%LatitudeFn &%North (&%MeasureFn 38 &%AngularDegree)), (&%LatitudeFn 
&%South (&%MeasureFn 23 &%AngularDegree) (&%MeasureFn 30 &%ArcMinute)), 
(&%LatitudeFn &%South (&%MeasureFn 60 &%AngularDegree) (&%MeasureFn 0 &%ArcMinute) 
(&%MeasureFn 0 &%ArcSecond)), (&%LatitudeFn &%North 
(&%MeasureFn 42 &%AngularDegree) (&%MeasureFn 7.89 &%ArcMinute)).")

(=>
	(instance (LatitudeFn ?DIRECTION @ROW) Region)
	(or
		(equal ?DIRECTION North)
		(equal ?DIRECTION South)))

(=>
	(and
		(instance (LatitudeFn ?DIRECTION @ROW) Region)
		(equal (ListOrderFn (ListFn @ROW) 1) (MeasureFn ?NUM AngularDegree)))
	(lessThanOrEqualTo ?NUM 90))

(=>
	(or
		(equal ?DIRECTION North)
		(equal ?DIRECTION South))
	(length 
	   (LatitudeFn ?DIRECTION
		(MeasureFn 0 AngularDegree) (MeasureFn 1 ArcMinute) (MeasureFn 0 ArcSecond)) 
	   (MeasureFn 1 NauticalMile)))

(instance LongitudeFn Function)
(instance LongitudeFn VariableArityRelation)
(domain LongitudeFn 1 DirectionalAttribute)
(domain LongitudeFn 2 AngularDegree)
(domain LongitudeFn 3 ArcMinute)
(domain LongitudeFn 4 ArcSecond)
(range LongitudeFn GeographicArea)
(synonymousExternalConcept "Longitude" LongitudeFn EnglishLanguage)

(documentation LongitudeFn "(&%LongitudeFn ?DIRECTION @ROW) 
denotes a meridian of longitude.  Note that &%LongitudeFn is 
a &%VariableArityRelation.  Examples: 
(&%LongitudeFn &%East (&%MeasureFn 180 &%AngularDegree)), (&%LongitudeFn 
&%West (&%MeasureFn 122 &%AngularDegree) (&%MeasureFn 24 &%ArcMinute)), 
(&%LongitudeFn &%East (&%MeasureFn 121 &%AngularDegree) 
(&%MeasureFn 0 &%ArcMinute) (&%MeasureFn 15 &%ArcSecond)), 
(&%LongitudeFn &%West (&%MeasureFn 80 &%AngularDegree) 
(&%MeasureFn 6.78 &%ArcMinute)).")

(=>
	(instance (LongitudeFn ?DIRECTION @ROW) Region)
	(or
		(equal ?DIRECTION East)
		(equal ?DIRECTION West)))

(=>
	(and
		(instance (LongitudeFn ?DIRECTION @ROW) Region)
		(equal (ListOrderFn (ListFn @ROW) 1)(MeasureFn ?NUM AngularDegree)))
	(lessThanOrEqualTo ?NUM 180))

(instance DirectionalSubregionFn BinaryFunction)
(domain DirectionalSubregionFn 1 DirectionalAttribute)
(domain DirectionalSubregionFn 2 GeographicArea)
(range DirectionalSubregionFn GeographicArea)

(documentation DirectionalSubregionFn 
"(&%DirectionalSubregionFn ?DIRECTION ?AREA) denotes the part 
of &%GeographicArea ?AREA that lies in ?DIRECTION from the 
geographic center of ?AREA. For example, 
(&%DirectionalSubregionFn &%Iraq &%North) denotes the Northern 
part of &%Iraq.  Such subregions are defined purely by geographical 
points of reference, not by sociological ones.  For example, 
(&%DirectionalSubregionFn &%UnitedStatesOfAmerica &%South) denotes 
the Southern half of the United States; it does not denote the 
American South as distinguished for historical, literary, or 
cultural purposes.")

(=>
	(and
		(instance ?DIRECTION DirectionalAttribute)
		(instance ?AREA GeographicArea)
		(instance (DirectionalSubregionFn ?DIRECTION ?AREA) GeographicArea))
	(geographicSubregion (DirectionalSubregionFn ?DIRECTION ?AREA) ?AREA))

(=>
	(and
		(instance ?DIRECTION DirectionalAttribute)
		(instance ?AREA GeographicArea)
		(instance (DirectionalSubregionFn ?DIRECTION ?AREA) GeographicArea))
	(orientation (DirectionalSubregionFn ?DIRECTION ?AREA) (GeographicCenterFn ?AREA) ?DIRECTION))

(=>
	(and
		(partlyLocated ?PLACE ?SUBAREA)
		(instance ?SUBAREA GeographicArea)
		(geographicSubregion ?SUBAREA ?AREA))
	(partlyLocated ?PLACE ?AREA))

(=>
	(and
		(connected ?X ?Y)
		(part ?Y ?Z))
	(connected ?X ?Z))

;;-----------------------------------------------------------------------

;; C. Map references
;; This section simply indicates on which specific maps the country
;; may be found. 

(instance mapOfArea BinaryPredicate)
(domain mapOfArea 1 Region)
(domain mapOfArea 2 SymbolicString)

(documentation mapOfArea "(&%mapOfArea ?AREA ?POINTER) means that a map 
of the &%Region ?AREA can be found at the location ?POINTER.")

;;-----------------------------------------------------------------------

;; D. Area

(instance totalArea BinaryPredicate)
(domain totalArea 1 Region)
(domain totalArea 2 AreaMeasure)

(documentation totalArea "(&%totalArea ?REGION ?AMOUNT) means that 
the total area of ?REGION is the &%AreaMeasure ?AMOUNT.")

(instance landAreaOnly BinaryPredicate)
(domain landAreaOnly 1 GeographicArea)
(domain landAreaOnly 2 AreaMeasure)

(documentation landAreaOnly "(&%landAreaOnly ?REGION ?MEASURE) means 
that the total area(s) of solid ground within the &%GeographicArea 
?REGION has the &%AreaMeasure ?AMOUNT. The pieces of solid ground need 
not be continuous within the region.") 

(instance waterAreaOnly BinaryPredicate)
(domain waterAreaOnly 1 GeographicArea)
(domain waterAreaOnly 2 AreaMeasure)

(documentation waterAreaOnly "(&%waterAreaOnly ?REGION ?MEASURE) means 
that the total area(s) of surface water within the &%GeographicArea 
?REGION has the &%AreaMeasure ?AMOUNT. The pieces of water need not be 
continuous within the region.") 

(=>
	(and
		(subclass ?UNIT AreaMeasure)
		(landAreaOnly ?AREA (MeasureFn ?LAND ?UNIT))
		(landAreaOnly ?AREA (MeasureFn ?WATER ?UNIT)))
	(totalArea ?AREA (MeasureFn (AdditionFn ?LAND ?WATER) ?UNIT)))

(subclass SurfaceGroundArea GeographicArea)

(documentation SurfaceGroundArea "&%SurfaceGroundArea is a subclass of 
&%GeographicArea that is restricted to regions whose surface is solid 
ground.  A &%SurfaceGroundArea may be a discontinuous region overlapping 
a larger, continuous &%GeographicArea but excluding any &%WaterAreas 
enclosed therein. Rivers, lakes, reservoirs and other surface water areas 
are not part of any &%SurfaceGroundArea.")

(=>
	(instance ?EXCLUSIVELANDAREA SurfaceGroundArea)
	(not
		(exists (?WATERAREA)
			(and
				(instance ?WATERAREA WaterArea)
			(part ?WATERAREA ?EXCLUSIVELANDAREA)))))

(=>
	(landAreaOnly ?AREA ?MEASURE)
	(exists (?LAND)
		(and
			(instance ?LAND SurfaceGroundArea)
			(part ?LAND ?AREA)
			(totalArea ?LAND ?MEASURE))))

(subclass WaterOnlyArea GeographicArea)

(documentation WaterOnlyArea "&%WaterOnlyArea is a subclass of 
&%GeographicArea that is restricted to regions whose surface is water.  
A &%WaterOnlyArea may be a discontinuous region overlapping a larger, 
continuous &%GeographicArea but excluding any &%LandAreas enclosed therein. 
Dry land areas, including islands, are not part of any &%WaterOnlyArea.")

(=>
	(instance ?EXCLUSIVEWATERAREA WaterOnlyArea)
	(not
		(exists (?LANDAREA)
			(and
				(instance ?LANDAREA LandArea)
				(part ?LANDAREA ?EXCLUSIVEWATERAREA)))))

(=>
	(waterAreaOnly ?AREA ?MEASURE)
	(exists (?WATER)
		(and
			(instance ?WATER WaterOnlyArea)
			(part ?WATER ?AREA)
			(totalArea ?WATER ?MEASURE))))

;; TERM
(instance SquareKilometer UnitOfMeasure)
(subclass SquareKilometer AreaMeasure)

(documentation SquareKilometer "&%SquareKilometer represents a 
&%UnitOfMeasure equal to one square kilometer.")

(equal (MeasureFn 1 SquareKilometer) 
	 (MultiplicationFn (MeasureFn 1 (KiloFn Meter))(MeasureFn 1 (KiloFn Meter))))

(=>
	(instance ?NUM RealNumber)
	(equal (MeasureFn ?NUM SquareKilometer)
		 (MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?NUM 1000000) SquareMeter)))

;;-----------------------------------------------------------------------

;; E. Area - comparative
;; This section compares the area of a country to some state or other
;; part of the United States.

(instance comparativeArea QuaternaryPredicate)
(domain comparativeArea 1 GeographicArea)
(domain comparativeArea 2 (IntersectionFn RelationExtendedToQuantities BinaryPredicate))
(domain comparativeArea 3 PositiveRealNumber)
(domain comparativeArea 4 GeographicArea) 

(documentation comparativeArea 
"(&%comparativeArea ?REGION1 ?RELATION ?FACTOR ?REGION2) means that 
the total area of &%GeographicArea ?REGION1 has the relation ?RELATION 
to the total area of &%GeographicArea ?REGION2 times ?FACTOR.  For 
example, that France is (slightly) less than twice the size of Colorado 
is represented by (&%comparativeArea &%France &%lessThan 2 &%Colorado).")

(=>
	(and
		(comparativeArea ?REGION1 ?RELATION ?FACTOR ?REGION2)
		(subclass ?UNIT AreaMeasure)
		(instance ?UNIT UnitOfMeasure)
		(measure ?REGION1 (MeasureFn ?NUM1 ?UNIT))
		(measure ?REGION2 (MeasureFn ?NUM2 ?UNIT)))
	(?RELATION (MeasureFn ?NUM1 ?UNIT) (MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?FACTOR ?NUM2) ?UNIT)))

;;-----------------------------------------------------------------------

;; F. Land boundaries

(instance totalLandBoundary BinaryPredicate)
(domain totalLandBoundary 1 GeographicArea)
(domain totalLandBoundary 2 LengthMeasure)

(documentation totalLandBoundary "(&%totalLandBoundary ?REGION ?LENGTH) 
means that the &%GeographicArea ?REGION has a total &%LengthMeasure 
?LENGTH of land boundaries between it and other countries.  Note that 
the boundaries included in the total length may be discontinuous, as when 
interrupted by stretches of &%Seacoast.")

(instance BorderFn BinaryFunction)
(names "border" BorderFn)
(domain BorderFn 1 GeographicArea)
(domain BorderFn 2 GeographicArea)
(range BorderFn GeographicArea)

(documentation BorderFn "(&%BorderFn ?AREA1 ?AREA2) denotes the 
border area where the &%GeographicAreas ?AREA1 and ?AREA2 meet.")

(=>
	(instance (BorderFn ?AREA1 ?AREA2) GeographicArea)
	(meetsSpatially ?AREA1 ?AREA2))

(=>
	(and
		(instance ?OBJ1 GeographicArea)
		(instance ?OBJ2 GeographicArea))
	(equal (BorderFn ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) (BorderFn ?OBJ2 ?OBJ1)))

(=>
	(and
		(instance (BorderFn ?COUNTRY1 ?COUNTRY2) GeographicArea)
		(instance ?COUNTRY1 Nation)
		(instance ?COUNTRY2 Nation))
	(instance (BorderFn ?COUNTRY1 ?COUNTRY2) InternationalBorder))

(=>
	(instance (BorderFn ?AREA1 ?AREA2) GeographicArea)
	(orientation ?AREA1 ?AREA2 Adjacent))

(=>
	(orientation ?ONE ?TWO Adjacent)
	(orientation ?TWO ?ONE Adjacent))	

(=>
	(orientation ?ONE ?TWO Near)
	(orientation ?TWO ?ONE Near))

(=>
	(meetsSpatially ?AREA1 ?AREA2)
	(not (overlapsSpatially ?AREA1 ?AREA2)))

(subclass InternationalBorder GeographicArea)

(documentation InternationalBorder "&%InternationalBorder is the 
subclass of &%GeographicAreas where the areas of two &%Nations meet.")

(subclass SymmetricAttribute RelationalAttribute)

(documentation SymmetricAttribute "&%SymmetricAttribute is the class of 
&%RelationalAttributes that hold between two items regardless of their 
order or orientation.")

(instance Near SymmetricAttribute)
(instance Adjacent SymmetricAttribute)
(not (instance On SymmetricAttribute))
(not (instance Right SymmetricAttribute))
(not (instance Left SymmetricAttribute))
(not (instance Below SymmetricAttribute))
(not (instance Above SymmetricAttribute))

(subclass PerimeterArea Region)	
(documentation PerimeterArea "A &%PerimeterArea is a region that 
extends outward from a boundary with another region, surrounding or 
partially surrounding it, but which is not part of that other region.  
See &%BorderFn and &%PerimeterAreaFn.")

(instance PerimeterAreaFn UnaryFunction)
(domain PerimeterAreaFn 1 Region)
(rangeSubclass PerimeterAreaFn PerimeterArea)

(documentation PerimeterAreaFn "(&%PerimeterAreaFn ?REGION) denotes a 
class including any peripheral zones extending outward from the &%Region 
?REGION.")

(=>
	(instance ?zone (PerimeterAreaFn ?region))
	(meetsSpatially ?zone ?region))

(instance MaritimeClaimsTerritorialSeaFn UnaryFunction)
(domain MaritimeClaimsTerritorialSeaFn 1 Region)
(range MaritimeClaimsTerritorialSeaFn PerimeterArea)
(documentation MaritimeClaimsTerritorialSeaFn "(&%MaritimeClaimsTerritorialSeaFn ?REGION) denotes a 
peripheral zones of maritime control extending outward from the &%Region 
?REGION.")

(=>
	(instance ?region GeopoliticalArea)
	(instance (MaritimeClaimsTerritorialSeaFn ?region) (PerimeterAreaFn ?region)))

(=>
	(instance ?region GeopoliticalArea)
	(instance (MaritimeClaimsTerritorialSeaFn ?region) UniformPerimeterArea))

(instance InnerBoundaryFn UnaryFunction)
(domain InnerBoundaryFn 1 Region)	; a PerimeterArea or general class of oriented areas?
(range InnerBoundaryFn 2 Region)

(documentation InnerBoundaryFn "(&%InnerBoundaryFn ?REGION) denotes the 
inner boundary of the &%Region ?REGION, where ?REGION has an inner and 
outer &%orientation with respect to another object.")

(=>
	(instance ?REGION Region)
	(superficialPart (InnerBoundaryFn ?REGION) ?REGION))	

(instance OuterBoundaryFn UnaryFunction)
(domain OuterBoundaryFn 1 Region)	; a PerimeterArea or general class of oriented areas
(range OuterBoundaryFn 2 Region)

(documentation OuterBoundaryFn "(&%OuterBoundaryFn ?REGION) denotes the 
outer boundary of the &%Region ?REGION, where ?REGION has an inner and 
outer &%orientation with respect to another object.")

(=>
	(instance ?REGION Region)
	(superficialPart (OuterBoundaryFn ?REGION) ?REGION))


(subclass UniformPerimeterArea PerimeterArea)

(documentation UniformPerimeterArea "A &%UniformPerimeterArea is one 
that has a defined uniform &%width.")

(=>
	(instance ?AREA UniformPerimeterArea)
	(exists (?WIDTH)
		(distance (InnerBoundaryFn ?AREA) (OuterBoundaryFn ?AREA) ?WIDTH)))

(=>
	(instance ?ZONE UniformPerimeterArea)
	(exists (?WIDTH)
		(and 
			(instance ?WIDTH LengthMeasure)
			(width ?ZONE ?WIDTH))))

(=>
	(and
		(instance ?ZONE UniformPerimeterArea)
		(part ?INNER (InnerBoundaryFn ?ZONE)))
	(exists (?OUTER)
		(and
			(part ?OUTER (OuterBoundaryFn ?ZONE))
			(distance ?INNER ?OUTER ?WIDTH))))

(instance Outside PositionalAttribute)

(documentation Outside "&%Outside is a &%PositionalAttribute used to 
describe the relative location of one object or region to another 
region.  For example, (&%orientation &%Cuba &%UnitedStates &%Outside).")

(=>
	(orientation ?OBJ ?REGION Outside)
	(instance ?OBJECT Region))

(=>
	(orientation ?OBJ ?REGION Outside)
	(instance ?REGION Region))

(=>
	(orientation ?OBJ ?REGION Outside)
	(not (partlyLocated ?OBJ ?REGION)))

(=>
	(partlyLocated ?OBJ ?REGION)
	(not (orientation ?OBJ ?REGION Outside)))

(=>
	(part ?OBJ ?REGION)
	(not (orientation ?OBJ ?REGION Outside)))

(=>
	(and
		(orientation ?OBJ ?REGION Outside)
		(instance ?ZONE (PerimeterAreaFn ?REGION))
		(instance ?ZONE UniformPerimeterArea)
		(width ?ZONE (MeasureFn ?LIMIT ?UNIT))
		(distance ?OBJ ?REGION (MeasureFn ?FAR ?UNIT))
		(instance ?UNIT UnitOfMeasure)
		(lessThanOrEqualTo (SubtractionFn ?FAR ?LIMIT) 0))
	(located ?OBJ ?ZONE))

(=>
	(and
		(orientation ?OBJ ?REGION Outside)
		(instance ?ZONE (PerimeterAreaFn ?REGION))
		(instance ?ZONE UniformPerimeterArea)
		(width ?ZONE (MeasureFn ?LIMIT ?UNIT))
		(distance ?OBJ ?REGION (MeasureFn ?FAR ?UNIT))
		(instance ?UNIT UnitOfMeasure)
		(greaterThan (SubtractionFn ?FAR ?LIMIT) 0))
	(not (located ?OBJ ?ZONE)))

(=> 
	(and 
		(instance ?AREA (MaritimeClaimsTerritorialSeaFn ?PLACE))
		(width ?AREA (MeasureFn ?WIDTH ?UNIT))
		(distance ?OBJ ?PLACE (MeasureFn ?DISTANCE ?UNIT))
		(lessThanOrEqualTo ?DISTANCE ?WIDTH))
	(located ?OBJ ?AREA))

;;-----------------------------------------------------------------------

;; G. Coastline

(instance totalCoastline BinaryPredicate)
(domain totalCoastline 1 GeographicArea)
(domain totalCoastline 2 LengthMeasure)

(documentation totalCoastline "(&%totalCoastline ?AREA ?COASTLENGTH) 
means that the total length of all boundaries between the &%GeographicArea 
?AREA and the ocean is the &%LengthMeasure ?COASTLENGTH.  The coastline 
counted may be discontinuous and may even be along different oceans (as 
in &%Columbia).  A &%totalCoastline of zero indicates a &%LandlockedArea.  
Note that only &%Ocean coastlines are counted, not any shores with inland 
waters.")

(subclass LandlockedArea LandArea)

(documentation LandlockedArea "&%LandlockedArea is the class of 
&%LandAreas that lack access to an &%Ocean or to a &%Waterway 
providing a link to the ocean.")

(=>
	(instance ?AREA LandlockedArea)
	(not
		(exists (?COAST)
			(and
				(instance ?COAST Seacoast)
				(part ?COAST ?AREA)))))

(=>
	(and
		(instance ?AREA LandlockedArea)
		(subclass ?UNIT LengthMeasure))
	(totalCoastline ?AREA (MeasureFn 0 ?UNIT)))

(=>
	(and
		(subclass ?UNIT LengthMeasure)
		(totalCoastline ?AREA (MeasureFn 0 ?UNIT)))
	(instance ?AREA LandlockedArea))

(=>
	(and
		(instance ?AREA LandlockedArea)
		(instance ?AREA GeopoliticalArea))
	(not
		(exists (?CLAIM)
			(and
				(instance ?CLAIM MaritimeClaimArea)
				(claimedTerritory ?CLAIM ?AREA)))))

(=>
	(instance ?AREA LandlockedArea)
	(not
		(exists (?WATER)
			(and
				(instance ?WATER Ocean)
				(meetsSpatially ?AREA ?WATER)))))

(=>
	(instance ?AREA LandlockedArea)
	(not
		(exists (?WATER)
			(and
				(instance ?WATER SaltWaterArea)
				(part ?WATER ?SEA)
				(instance ?SEA Ocean)
				(meetsSpatially ?AREA ?WATER)))))

(=>
	(instance ?AREA LandlockedArea)
	(exists (?LAND)
		(and
			(instance ?LAND LandArea)
			(meetsSpatially ?AREA ?LAND))))

;;-----------------------------------------------------------------------

;; H. Maritime claims

(instance claimedTerritory BinaryPredicate)
(domain claimedTerritory 1 GeographicArea)
(domain claimedTerritory 2 Agent)
(subrelation dependentGeopoliticalArea claimedTerritory)

(documentation claimedTerritory "(&%claimedTerritory ?AREA ?POLITY) 
means that some right over the &%GeographicArea ?AREA is claimed by 
the &%Agent or &%GeopoliticalArea ?POLITY.  If two politically independent 
states or agents claim the same area, that area is a 'disputed 
territory'.")

(instance maritimeClaimType BinaryPredicate)
(instance maritimeClaimType AsymmetricRelation)
(domain maritimeClaimType 1 GeopoliticalArea)
(domainSubclass maritimeClaimType 2 MaritimeClaimArea)

(documentation maritimeClaimType "(&%maritimeClaimType ?POLITY ?TYPE) 
means that the &%GeopoliticalArea ?POLITY claims rights over a 
&%MaritimeClaimArea of ?TYPE.")

(=>
	(and
		(instance ?AREA LandlockedArea)
		(subclass ?CLAIM MaritimeClaimArea))
	(not (maritimeClaimType ?AREA ?CLAIM)))

(=>
	(and
		(maritimeClaimType ?AREA ?TYPE)
		(subclass ?TYPE MaritimeClaimArea))
	(exists (?CLAIM)
		(and
			(instance ?CLAIM ?TYPE)
			(claimedTerritory ?CLAIM ?AREA))))

(=>
	(and
		(instance ?AREA ?TYPE)
		(subclass ?TYPE MaritimeClaimArea)
		(claimedTerritory ?AREA ?POLITY))
	(maritimeClaimType ?POLITY ?TYPE))

(instance waterDepth BinaryPredicate)
(domain waterDepth 1 Region)
(domain waterDepth 2 LengthMeasure)

(documentation waterDepth "(&%waterDepth ?AREA ?LENGTH) means that the 
depth of water at the &%Region ?AREA is ?LENGTH.")

(=>
	(waterDepth ?AREA ?LENGTH)
	(instance ?AREA WaterArea))

(subclass MaritimeClaimArea GeographicArea) 

(documentation MaritimeClaimArea "A &%MaritimeClaimArea is a &%GeographicArea 
delimited by a geopolitical state's claim, under the &%LawOfTheSea, of rights 
to certain resources, activities, or jurisdiction in the claimed area.  
&%MaritimeClaimAreas can pertain to &%WaterAreas, &%SubmergedLandAreas, and &%Airspace.")

;; Types of MaritimeClaimArea:
;; (i) contiguous zone
(subclass MaritimeContiguousZone MaritimeClaimArea)
(subclass MaritimeContiguousZone SaltWaterArea)

(documentation MaritimeContiguousZone "&%MaritimeContiguousZone 
is the subclass of &%MaritimeClaimArea that includes areas over 
which a geopolitical state may exercise some control of activities 
beyond the 12-mile zone of its &%TerritorialSea.  In general, 
the authorized control is for preventing or punishing activities 
that would violate laws applying within the 12-mile zone (that is, 
authorization to chase and intercept).  According to the &%LawOfTheSea, 
a &%MaritimeContiguousZone may extend up to 24 nautical miles from the coast.")

(instance MaritimeContiguousZoneFn UnaryFunction)
(domain MaritimeContiguousZoneFn 1 GeopoliticalArea)
(range MaritimeContiguousZoneFn MaritimeContiguousZone)

(documentation MaritimeContiguousZoneFn 
"(&%MaritimeContiguousZoneFn ?POLITY) denotes the &%MaritimeContiguousZone 
that is claimed by the &%GeopoliticalArea ?POLITY.")

(=>
	(and
		(instance ?AREA GeopoliticalArea)
		(instance (MaritimeContiguousZoneFn ?AREA) MaritimeContiguousZone))
	(claimedTerritory  (MaritimeContiguousZoneFn ?AREA) ?AREA))

;; (ii) continental shelf
(subclass MaritimeShelfArea MaritimeClaimArea)
(subclass MaritimeShelfArea SubmergedLandArea)

(documentation MaritimeShelfArea "&%MaritimeShelfArea 
is a subclass of &%MaritimeClaimArea that covers &%SubmergedLandAreas 
claimed by an adjacent geopolitical area.  The &%LawOfTheSea defines 
the continental shelf as extending up to 200 miles (NM) offshore and 
including the resources found therein.  The defined claim area does not 
correspond exactly to a geological &%ContinentalShelf, but if there is one, 
the two areas will overlap spatially.")

(=>
	(and
		(instance ?ZONE MaritimeShelfArea)
		(length ?ZONE (MeasureFn ?WIDTH NauticalMile)))
	(lessThanOrEqualTo ?WIDTH 200))

(=>
	(and
		(instance ?ZONE MaritimeShelfArea)
		(length ?ZONE ?WIDTH))
	(lessThanOrEqualTo ?WIDTH (MeasureFn 200 NauticalMile)))

(=>
	(and
		(instance ?zone MaritimeShelfArea)
		(instance ?shelf ContinentalShelf)
		(instance ?country Nation)
		(meetsSpatially ?shelf ?country)
		(claimedTerritory ?zone ?nation))
	(overlapsSpatially ?zone ?shelf))

(instance MaritimeShelfAreaFn UnaryFunction)
(domain MaritimeShelfAreaFn 1 GeopoliticalArea)
(range MaritimeShelfAreaFn MaritimeShelfArea)

(documentation MaritimeShelfAreaFn 
"(&%MaritimeShelfAreaFn ?POLITY) denotes the &%MaritimeShelfArea 
that is claimed by the &%GeopoliticalArea ?POLITY.")

(=>
	(and
		(instance ?AREA GeopoliticalArea)
		(instance (MaritimeShelfAreaFn ?AREA) MaritimeShelfArea))
	(claimedTerritory  (MaritimeShelfAreaFn ?AREA) ?AREA))

;; (iii) exclusive economic zone
(subclass MaritimeExclusiveEconomicZone MaritimeClaimArea)
(subclass MaritimeExclusiveEconomicZone SaltWaterArea)

(documentation MaritimeExclusiveEconomicZone 
"&%MaritimeExclusiveEconomicZone is the subclass of &%MaritimeClaimArea 
that represents the offshore area that coastal nations can claim for 
fishing and other uses of the ocean water and seabed found there.")

(=>
	(and
		(instance ?ZONE MaritimeExclusiveEconomicZone)
		(length ?ZONE (MeasureFn ?WIDTH NauticalMile)))
	(lessThanOrEqualTo ?WIDTH 200))

(=>
	(and
		(instance ?ZONE MaritimeExclusiveEconomicZone)
		(length ?ZONE ?WIDTH))
	(lessThanOrEqualTo ?WIDTH (MeasureFn 200 NauticalMile)))

(instance MaritimeExclusiveEconomicZoneFn UnaryFunction)
(domain MaritimeExclusiveEconomicZoneFn 1 GeopoliticalArea)
(range MaritimeExclusiveEconomicZoneFn MaritimeExclusiveEconomicZone)

(documentation MaritimeExclusiveEconomicZoneFn 
"(&%MaritimeExclusiveEconomicZoneFn ?POLITY) denotes the 
&%MaritimeExclusiveEconomicZone that is claimed by the 
&%GeopoliticalArea ?POLITY.")

(=>
	(and
		(instance ?AREA GeopoliticalArea)
		(instance (MaritimeExclusiveEconomicZoneFn ?AREA) MaritimeExclusiveEconomicZone))
	(claimedTerritory  (MaritimeExclusiveEconomicZoneFn ?AREA) ?AREA))


;; (iv) exclusive fishing zone
(subclass ExclusiveFishingZone MaritimeClaimArea)
(subclass ExclusiveFishingZone SaltWaterArea)

(documentation ExclusiveFishingZone "&%ExclusiveFishingZone 
is the subclass of &%MaritimeClaimArea including offshore areas over which 
a nation claims exclusive jurisdiction only for fishing purposes (cf. &%MaritimeExclusiveEconomicZone).  Zone widths vary up to 200 miles (NM).")

(=>
	(and
		(instance ?ZONE ExclusiveFishingZone)
		(length ?ZONE (MeasureFn ?WIDTH NauticalMile)))
	(lessThanOrEqualTo ?WIDTH 200))

(=>
	(and
		(instance ?ZONE ExclusiveFishingZone)
		(length ?ZONE ?WIDTH))
	(lessThanOrEqualTo ?WIDTH (MeasureFn 200 NauticalMile)))

(instance ExclusiveFishingZoneFn UnaryFunction)
(domain ExclusiveFishingZoneFn 1 GeopoliticalArea)
(range ExclusiveFishingZoneFn ExclusiveFishingZone)

(documentation ExclusiveFishingZoneFn 
"(&%ExclusiveFishingZoneFn ?POLITY) denotes the 
&%ExclusiveFishingZone that is claimed by the 
&%GeopoliticalArea ?POLITY.")

(=>
	(and
		(instance ?AREA GeopoliticalArea)
		(instance (ExclusiveFishingZoneFn ?AREA) ExclusiveFishingZone))
	(claimedTerritory  (ExclusiveFishingZoneFn ?AREA) ?AREA))

;; (v) extended fishing zone
(subclass ExtendedFishingZone MaritimeClaimArea)
(subclass ExtendedFishingZone SaltWaterArea)

(documentation ExtendedFishingZone 
"&%ExtendedFishingZone is the subclass of &%MaritimeClaimArea 
that includes offshore areas over which a nation claims fishing rights, 
beyond that nation's &%ExclusiveFishingZone.  Zone widths vary, 
from as little as 12 miles (NM) up to a width of 200 miles (NM).")

(=>
	(and
		(instance ?ZONE ExtendedFishingZone)
		(length ?ZONE (MeasureFn ?WIDTH NauticalMile)))
	(lessThanOrEqualTo ?WIDTH 200))

(=>
	(and
		(instance ?ZONE ExtendedFishingZone)
		(length ?ZONE ?WIDTH))
	(lessThanOrEqualTo ?WIDTH (MeasureFn 200 NauticalMile)))

(instance ExtendedFishingZoneFn UnaryFunction)
(domain ExtendedFishingZoneFn 1 GeopoliticalArea)
(range ExtendedFishingZoneFn ExtendedFishingZone)

(documentation ExtendedFishingZoneFn 
"(&%ExtendedFishingZoneFn ?POLITY) denotes the 
ExtendedFishingZoneFn that is claimed by the 
&%GeopoliticalArea ?POLITY, beyond its &%ExclusiveFishingZone.")

(=>
	(and
		(instance ?AREA GeopoliticalArea)
		(instance (ExtendedFishingZoneFn ?AREA) ExtendedFishingZone))
	(claimedTerritory  (ExtendedFishingZoneFn ?AREA) ?AREA))

;; (vi) territorial sea
(subclass TerritorialSea MaritimeClaimArea)
(subclass TerritorialSea SaltWaterArea)

(documentation TerritorialSea "&%TerritorialSea is the class 
of contiguous waters over which a &%GeopoliticalArea claims 
jurisdiction in accordance with the United Nations Convention 
on the &%LawOfTheSea (LOS), Part II.  A territorial sea may be
up to 12 miles (&%NauticalMiles) in breadth.  A subclass of 
&%MaritimeClaimArea.")

(=>
	(and
		(instance ?ZONE MaritimeContiguousZone)
		(claimedTerritory ?ZONE ?AREA)
		(instance ?WATER TerritorialSea)
		(claimedTerritory ?WATER ?AREA))
	(between ?AREA ?WATER ?ZONE))

(=>
	(and
		(instance ?ZONE TerritorialSea)
		(length ?ZONE (MeasureFn ?WIDTH NauticalMile)))
	(lessThanOrEqualTo ?WIDTH 12))

(=>
	(and
		(instance ?ZONE TerritorialSea)
		(length ?ZONE ?WIDTH))
	(lessThanOrEqualTo ?WIDTH (MeasureFn 12 NauticalMile)))

(instance TerritorialSeaFn UnaryFunction)
(domain TerritorialSeaFn 1 GeopoliticalArea)
(range TerritorialSeaFn TerritorialSea)

(documentation TerritorialSeaFn "(&%TerritorialSeaFn ?POLITY) denotes 
the &%TerritorialSea that is claimed by the &%GeopoliticalArea ?POLITY.")

(=>
	(and
		(instance ?AREA GeopoliticalArea)
		(instance (TerritorialSeaFn ?AREA) TerritorialSea))
	(claimedTerritory  (TerritorialSeaFn ?AREA) ?AREA))

;; (vi) special maritime claims 
;; [create instances of &%MaritimeClaimArea as needed for individual countries]

;;-----------------------------------------------------------------------

;; I. Climate

;; WFB data interpreted using Koeppen Climate Classification system summary at 
;; http://www.fao.org/WAICENT/FAOINFO/sustdev/EIdirect/climate/EIsp0002.htm

(instance climateTypeInArea BinaryPredicate)
(domain climateTypeInArea 1 GeographicArea)
(domainSubclass climateTypeInArea 2 ClimateZone)

(documentation climateTypeInArea "(&%climateTypeInArea ?TYPE ?REGION) 
means that all or &%part of the &%GeographicArea ?REGION is of the 
&%ClimateZone ?TYPE.")

(=>
	(climateTypeInArea ?AREA ?TYPE)
	(exists (?REGION)
		(and
			(instance ?REGION GeographicArea)
			(instance ?REGION ?TYPE)
			(part ?REGION ?AREA))))

(=>
	(and
		(instance ?AREA ?TYPE)
		(subclass ?TYPE ClimateZone))
	(climateTypeInArea ?AREA ?TYPE))

(subclass ClimateZone GeographicArea)

(documentation ClimateZone 
"&ClimateZone is a subclass of &%GeographicArea in which regions 
are classified according to their long-term weather conditions. 
The subclasses of &%ClimateZone are based on the Koeppen Climate 
Classification system.  In the Koeppen system, climate zones are 
distinguished based on temperatures and rainfall.")

(subclass TropicalClimateZone ClimateZone)

(documentation TropicalClimateZone "&%TropicalClimateZone is a  
subclass of &%ClimateZone in which the average temperature of the 
coldest month is greater than 18 degrees Celsius.  This is Class 
'A' in the Koeppen climate classification system.")

  (=>
	(and
		(instance ?AREA TropicalClimateZone)
		(subclass ?MO Month)
		(instance ?AREA GeographicArea)
		(averageTemperatureForPeriod ?AREA ?MO ?TEMP))
	(greaterThan ?TEMP (MeasureFn 18 CelsiusDegree)))

(instance averageRainfallForPeriod TernaryPredicate)
(documentation averageRainfallForPeriod "(averageRainfallForPeriod ?AREA ?MO ?AMOUNT)
means that ?AREA receives ?AMOUNT of rain in month ?MO in an average
year.  Note that ?AMOUNT is a linear measure indicating the depth of water that
would accumulate over ?AREA if all water were captured.")
(domain averageRainfallForPeriod 1 GeographicArea)
(domain averageRainfallForPeriod 2 Month)
(domain averageRainfallForPeriod 3 LengthMeasure)

(subclass WetTropicalClimateZone TropicalClimateZone)

(documentation WetTropicalClimateZone "&%WetTropicalClimateZone is 
the subclass of &%TropicalClimateZone that is characterized by having 
no dry months.  At least 60 mm of rainfall occur in the driest month. 
This is subtype 'Af' in the Koeppen climate system.")

(=>
	(and
		(instance ?AREA TropicalClimateZone)
		(forall (?MO ?AMOUNT)
		   (=>
			(averageRainfallForPeriod ?AREA ?MO ?AMOUNT)
			(greaterThanOrEqualTo ?AMOUNT (MeasureFn 60 (MilliFn Meter))))))
	(instance ?AREA WetTropicalClimateZone))		

(=>
	(instance ?AREA WetTropicalClimateZone)
	(forall (?MO ?AMOUNT)
		(=>
			(averageRainfallForPeriod ?AREA ?MO ?AMOUNT)
			(greaterThanOrEqualTo ?AMOUNT (MeasureFn 60 (MilliFn Meter))))))

(subclass MonsoonClimateZone TropicalClimateZone)

(documentation MonsoonClimateZone "&%MonsoonClimateZone is the class 
of &%TropicalClimateZones in which there is a short dry season between 
rains heavy enough to keep the ground wet all through the year.  This 
is Koeppen climate system subtype 'Aw'.")

(=>
	(instance ?AREA MonsoonClimateZone)
	(exists (?INTERVAL) (rainySeasonInArea ?AREA ?INTERVAL)))

(subclass AridClimateZone ClimateZone)

(documentation AridClimateZone "&%AridClimateZone is the 
class of regions in which the climate is characterized by 
a distinct dry season.  Annual rate of moisture evaporation 
exceeds annual rate of precipitation. This is Class B in the 
Koeppen climate system.") 

(subclass SteppeClimateZone AridClimateZone)

(documentation SteppeClimateZone "&%SteppeClimateZone 
is the class of &%AridClimateZones where the dominant 
vegetation type is grasses, with no trees.  Koeppen 
system 'BS'.")

(subclass DesertClimateZone AridClimateZone)

(documentation DesertClimateZone "DesertClimateZone 
is the class of &%AridClimateZones characterized by 
sparse, desert vegetation.  Koeppen system 'BW'.")

(subclass SubtropicalDesertClimateZone DesertClimateZone)

(documentation SubtropicalDesertClimateZone 
"&%SubtropicalDesertClimateZone is a subclass of &%DesertClimateZone 
that is characterized by an average temperature greater than 18 
degrees Celsius, as well as very low rainfall.  This is Koeppen 
system 'BWh'.")

(=>
    (and
            (instance ?AREA DesertClimateZone)
            (subclass ?MO Month)
            (averageTemperatureForPeriod ?AREA ?MO ?TEMP)
            (greaterThan ?TEMP (MeasureFn 18 CelsiusDegree)))
    (instance ?AREA SubtropicalDesertClimateZone))

(=>
    (and
            (instance ?AREA SubtropicalDesertClimateZone)
            (subclass ?MO Month)
            (averageTemperatureForPeriod ?AREA ?MO ?TEMP))
    (greaterThan ?TEMP (MeasureFn 18 CelsiusDegree)))

(subclass MiddleLatitudeDesertClimateZone DesertClimateZone)

(documentation MiddleLatitudeDesertClimateZone 
"&%MiddleLatitudeDesertClimateZone is the subclass of 
&%DesertClimateZone characterized by a cool dry climate 
typical of middle latitude deserts.  This is subtype 'BWk' 
in the Keoppen climate system.")

(subclass SemiaridClimateZone ClimateZone)

(subclass TemperateClimateZone ClimateZone)

(documentation TemperateClimateZone "&%TemperateClimateZone is the 
subclass of &%ClimateZone whose warmest month has an average 
temperature greater than 10 degrees Celsius and whose coolest month 
has an average temperature between 18 degrees and -3 degrees Celsius. 
This is Class C in the Koeppen climate system.")

(=>
    (instance ?AREA TemperateClimateZone)
    (exists (?MO ?AMOUNT)
            (and
                    (subclass ?MO Month)
                    (averageTemperatureForPeriod ?AREA ?MO ?AMOUNT)
                    (greaterThan ?AMOUNT (MeasureFn 10 CelsiusDegree)))))

(=>
    (and
            (instance ?AREA TemperateClimateZone)
            (subclass ?MO Month)
            (averageTemperatureForPeriod ?AREA ?MO ?TEMP))
    (greaterThanOrEqualTo ?TEMP (MeasureFn -3 CelsiusDegree)))

(=>
    (instance ?AREA TemperateClimateZone)
    (exists (?MO ?AMOUNT)
            (and
                    (subclass ?MO Month)
                    (averageTemperatureForPeriod ?AREA ?MO ?AMOUNT)
                    (greaterThanOrEqualTo ?AMOUNT (MeasureFn -3 CelsiusDegree))
                    (lessThanOrEqualTo ?AMOUNT (MeasureFn 18 CelsiusDegree)))))

(subclass MediterraneanClimateZone TemperateClimateZone)

(documentation MediterraneanClimateZone "&%MediterraneanClimateZone 
is a subclass of &%TemperateClimateZone that is characterized by 
mild, cool, wet winters and warm dry summers.  Mediterranean shores 
are the archetype, but the Mediterranean climate is also found elsewhere.")

(=>
	(instance ?AREA MediterraneanClimateZone)
	(coolSeasonInArea ?AREA WinterSeason))

(=>
	(instance ?AREA MediterraneanClimateZone)
	(warmSeasonInArea ?AREA SummerSeason))

(=>
	(instance ?AREA MediterraneanClimateZone)
	(rainySeasonInArea ?AREA WinterSeason))

(=>
	(instance ?AREA MediterraneanClimateZone)
	(drySeasonInArea ?AREA SummerSeason))

(subclass ContinentalClimateZone TemperateClimateZone)

(documentation ContinentalClimateZone 
"&%ContinentalClimateZone is a subclass of &%TemperateClimateZone that is 
characterized by cold winters and hot summers.")

(=>
	(instance ?AREA ContinentalClimateZone)
	(coldSeasonInArea ?AREA WinterSeason))

(=>
	(instance ?AREA ContinentalClimateZone)
	(hotSeasonInArea ?AREA SummerSeason))

(subclass MidlatitudeContinentalClimateZone ClimateZone)

(documentation MidlatitudeContinentalClimateZone 
"&%MidlatitudeContinentalClimateZone is a subclass of 
&%TemperateClimateZone that is characterized by cool winters 
and hot summers.")

(=>
	(instance ?AREA MidlatitudeContinentalClimateZone)
	(coolSeasonInArea ?AREA WinterSeason))

(=>
	(instance ?AREA MidlatitudeContinentalClimateZone)
	(hotSeasonInArea ?AREA SummerSeason))

(subclass TemperateWinterDryClimateZone TemperateClimateZone)

(documentation TemperateWinterDryClimateZone 
"&%TemperateWinterDryClimateZone is a subclass of &%TemperateClimateZone 
characterized by having at least 10 times as much precipitation in the 
wettest summer month as in the driest winter month. Koeppen climate 
system type 'Cw'.")

(subclass TemperateSummerDryClimateZone TemperateClimateZone)

(documentation TemperateSummerDryClimateZone 
"&%TemperateSummerDryClimateZone is the subclass of &%TemperateClimateZone 
that is characterized by dry summers, and in which the wettest winter month 
has at least three times the moisture of the driest summer month.  The 
driest month has less than an average of 30 mm of precipitation.  Koeppen 
climate system type 'Cs'.")

(subclass ColdClimateZone ClimateZone)

(documentation ColdClimateZone "&%ColdClimateZone is the subclass 
of &%ClimateZone that is characterized by a warmest month with average 
temperature less than 10 degrees Celsius and a coldest month with 
average temperature less than -3 degrees Celsius.  This is Koeppen climate 
system Type D.")


(=>
    (and
            (instance ?AREA ColdClimateZone)
            (subclass ?MO Month)
            (averageTemperatureForPeriod ?AREA ?MO ?TEMP))
    (greaterThan (MeasureFn 10 CelsiusDegree) ?TEMP))

(=>
	(instance ?AREA ColdClimateZone)
	(exists (?MO ?AMOUNT)
		(and
			(subclass ?MO Month)
			(averageTemperatureForPeriod ?AREA ?MO ?AMOUNT)
			(lessThan ?AMOUNT (MeasureFn -3 CelsiusDegree)))))

(subclass ColdDampClimateZone ColdClimateZone)

(documentation ColdDampClimateZone "&%ColdDampClimateZone is the 
subclass of &%ColdClimateZone that is characterized by having more 
than 30 mm of precipitation in the driest month.  This is subtype 
'Df' in the Koeppen climate system.")

(subclass DryWinterColdClimateZone ColdClimateZone)

(documentation DryWinterColdClimateZone "&%DryWinterColdClimateZone 
is a subclass of &%ColdClimateZone that is characterized by having 
at least ten times as much precipitation in the wettest summer month 
as in the driest winter month.  This is Koeppen climate system subtype 
'Dw'.")

(subclass PolarClimateZone ClimateZone)

(documentation PolarClimateZone "&%PolarClimateZone is a subclass of 
&%ClimateZone characterized by having an average temperature less than 
10 degrees Celsius in the warmest month.  This is Koeppen climate system 
Type E.  No agriculture is supported in polar climates.")


(=>
    (and
            (instance ?AREA PolarClimateZone)
            (subclass ?MO Month)
            (averageTemperatureForPeriod ?AREA ?MO ?TEMP))
    (greaterThan (MeasureFn 10 CelsiusDegree) ?TEMP))

(=>
    (and
            (instance ?AREA GeographicArea)
            (subclass ?MO Month)
            (averageTemperatureForPeriod ?AREA ?MO ?TEMP)
            (greaterThan (MeasureFn 10 CelsiusDegree) ?TEMP))
	(instance ?AREA PolarClimateZone))

(subclass TundraClimateZone PolarClimateZone)

(documentation TundraClimateZone "TundraClimateZone is a subclass of 
&%PolarClimateZone characterized by having an average temperature 
above zero degrees Celsius (but below 10 degrees) in the warmest month.  
Koeppen subtype 'ET'.")

(subclass PolarTypeFClimateZone PolarClimateZone)

(documentation PolarTypeFClimateZone "&%PolarTypeFClimateZone is a 
subclass of &%PolarClimateZone characterized by having no month in 
which the temperature rises to 10 degrees Celsius or above.")

(=>
    (and
            (instance ?AREA PolarTypeFClimateZone)
            (instance ?TIME TimePosition)
            (holdsDuring ?TIME (airTemperature ?AREA ?TEMP)))
    (holdsDuring ?TIME (greaterThan (MeasureFn 10 CelsiusDegree) ?TEMP)))

(instance rainySeasonInArea BinaryPredicate)
(instance rainySeasonInArea AsymmetricRelation)
(domain rainySeasonInArea 1 GeographicArea)
(domainSubclass rainySeasonInArea 2 TimeInterval)

(documentation rainySeasonInArea "(&%rainySeasonInArea ?AREA ?INTERVAL) 
means that in the &%GeographicArea ?AREA, the rainy or wet season occurs 
during the &%TimeInterval ?INTERVAL.  For example, (&%rainySeasonInArea 
&%Angola (&%RecurringTimeIntervalFn &%November &%April)).")

(instance warmSeasonInArea BinaryPredicate)
(instance warmSeasonInArea AsymmetricRelation)
(domain warmSeasonInArea 1 GeographicArea)
(domainSubclass warmSeasonInArea 2 TimeInterval)

(documentation warmSeasonInArea "(&%warmSeasonInArea ?AREA ?INTERVAL) 
means that in the &%GeographicArea ?AREA, the warm season occurs 
during the &%TimeInterval ?INTERVAL.")

(instance drySeasonInArea BinaryPredicate)
(instance drySeasonInArea AsymmetricRelation)
(domain drySeasonInArea 1 GeographicArea)
(domainSubclass drySeasonInArea 2 TimeInterval)

(documentation drySeasonInArea "(&%drySeasonInArea ?AREA ?INTERVAL) 
means that in the &%GeographicArea ?AREA, the dry season occurs 
during the &%TimeInterval ?INTERVAL.  For example, (&%drySeasonInArea 
&%Angola (&%RecurringTimeIntervalFn &%May &%October)).")

(instance coolSeasonInArea BinaryPredicate)
(instance coolSeasonInArea AsymmetricRelation)

(domain coolSeasonInArea 1 GeographicArea)
(domainSubclass coolSeasonInArea 2 TimeInterval)

(documentation coolSeasonInArea "(&%coolSeasonInArea ?AREA ?INTERVAL) 
means that in the &%GeographicArea ?AREA, the cool season occurs 
during the &%TimeInterval ?INTERVAL.  For example, (&%coolSeasonInArea 
&%Angola (&%RecurringTimeIntervalFn &%May &%October")

(instance hotSeasonInArea BinaryPredicate)
(instance hotSeasonInArea AsymmetricRelation)
(domain hotSeasonInArea 1 GeographicArea)
(domainSubclass hotSeasonInArea 2 TimeInterval)

(documentation hotSeasonInArea "(&%hotSeasonInArea ?AREA ?INTERVAL) 
means that in the &%GeographicArea ?AREA, the hot season occurs 
during the &%TimeInterval ?INTERVAL.  For example, (&%hotSeasonInArea 
&%Angola (&%RecurringTimeIntervalFn &%November &%April)).")

(instance coldSeasonInArea BinaryPredicate)
(instance coldSeasonInArea AsymmetricRelation)
(domain coldSeasonInArea 1 GeographicArea)
(domainSubclass coldSeasonInArea 2 TimeInterval)

(documentation coldSeasonInArea "(&%coldSeasonInArea ?AREA ?INTERVAL) 
means that in the &%GeographicArea ?AREA, the cold season occurs 
during the &%TimeInterval ?INTERVAL.")

(equal SpringSeason (RecurrentTimeIntervalFn March May))
(equal SummerSeason (RecurrentTimeIntervalFn June August))
(equal FallSeason (RecurrentTimeIntervalFn September November))
(equal WinterSeason (RecurrentTimeIntervalFn December February))

;;-----------------------------------------------------------------------

;; J. Terrain

(instance slopeGradient BinaryPredicate)
(domain slopeGradient 1 LandArea)
(domain slopeGradient 2 NonnegativeRealNumber)

(documentation slopeGradient "(&%slopeGradient ?AREA ?SLOPE) means that 
in the &%LandArea ?AREA there is an incline of ?slope, where ?SLOPE is 
the percent of vertical rise over horizontal distance. &%slopeGradient 
gives an approximate value for nonzero slope over ?AREA, without regard 
to orientation. For example, (&%slopeGradient ?AREA 0.10) means that 
there is a 10% incline across the area, without specifying the 
orientation in which the land rises or falls.  Also see 
&%slopeGradientTowardsOrientation.")

(instance slopeGradientTowardsOrientation TernaryPredicate)
(domain slopeGradientTowardsOrientation 1 LandArea)
(domain slopeGradientTowardsOrientation 2 DirectionalAttribute)
(domain slopeGradientTowardsOrientation 3 RationalNumber)

(documentation slopeGradientTowardsOrientation 
"(&%slopeGradientTowardsOrientation ?AREA ?DIRECTION ?SLOPE) means that 
in the &%LandArea ?AREA, there is an incline of ?SLOPE towards the 
&%DirectionalAttribute ?DIRECTION.  ?SLOPE is a &%RationalNumber 
representing the percent of vertical rise over horizontal distance.") 

(instance Uphill PositionalAttribute)

(documentation Uphill "&%Uphill is a &%PositionalAttribute that 
describes the relation between two things, one of which is located 
up a slope from the other.")

(instance Downhill PositionalAttribute)
(contraryAttribute Uphill Downhill)

(documentation Downhill "&%Downhill is a &%PositionalAttribute that 
describes the relation between two things, one of which is located 
down a slope from the other.")

(instance terrainInArea BinaryPredicate)
(instance terrainInArea AsymmetricRelation)
(domain terrainInArea 1 GeographicArea)
(domain terrainInArea 2 TerrainAttribute)

(documentation terrainInArea "(&%terrainInArea ?AREA ?ATTRIBUTE) 
means that the &%GeographicArea ?AREA is or includes a region with  
the features of &%TerrainArea ?ATTRIBUTE.")

(=>
	(terrainInArea ?AREA ?ATTRIBUTE)
	(exists (?REGION)
		(and
			(instance ?REGION GeographicArea)
			(attribute ?REGION ?ATTRIBUTE)
			(partlyLocated ?REGION ?AREA))))

(=>
	(and
		(instance ?AREA GeographicArea)
		(attribute ?REGION ?ATTRIBUTE)
		(instance ?ATTRIBUTE TerrainAttribute)
		(partlyLocated ?REGION ?AREA))
	(terrainInArea ?AREA ?ATTRIBUTE)) 

;; Terrain attributes:

(subclass TerrainAttribute InternalAttribute)

(documentation TerrainAttribute "&%TerrainAttribute is a class of 
&%Attributes that describe terrain.")

(=>
	(and
		(instance ?ATT TerrainAttribute)
		(attribute ?OBJECT ?ATT))
	(instance ?OBJECT LandArea))

(instance FlatTerrain TerrainAttribute)

(documentation FlatTerrain "&%FlatTerrain is a &%TerrainAttribute 
describing regions within which there is very little variation in 
&%altitude.")

(=>
	(and
		(attribute ?AREA FlatTerrain)
		(part ?ZONE ?AREA)
		(slopeGradient ?ZONE ?SLOPE))
	(greaterThan 0.005 ?SLOPE))

(instance LowTerrain TerrainAttribute)

(documentation LowTerrain "&%LowTerrain is terrain in which the slope 
is less than 3%.")

(=>
	(and
		(attribute ?AREA FlatTerrain)
		(part ?ZONE ?AREA)
		(slopeGradient ?ZONE ?SLOPE))
	(greaterThan 0.03 ?SLOPE))

(instance SteepTerrain TerrainAttribute)

(documentation SteepTerrain "A &%TerrainAttribute of a region in 
which there is a wide variation in &%elevation and &%slopeGradients 
of more than 10%.")

(=>
	(attribute ?AREA SteepTerrain)
	(exists (?ZONE)
		(and
			(part ?ZONE ?AREA)
			(slopeGradient ?ZONE ?SLOPE)
			(greaterThan ?SLOPE 0.1))))

(instance MountainousTerrain TerrainAttribute)
(subAttribute MountainousTerrain SteepTerrain)

(documentation MountainousTerrain "An area of &%MountainousTerrain 
is an area of rugged terrain in which there are many mountains.")

(=>
	(attribute ?AREA MountainousTerrain)
	(instance ?AREA LandArea))
(=>
	(attribute ?AREA MountainousTerrain)
	(instance ?AREA UplandArea))
(=>
	(attribute ?AREA MountainousTerrain)
	(exists (?MTN)
            (and
                (instance ?MTN Mountain)
		(part ?MTN ?AREA))))
(=>
	(attribute ?AREA MountainousTerrain)
	(exists (?MTN)
            (and
                (instance ?MTN Mountain)
		(located ?MTN ?AREA))))
(=>
	(instance ?AREA MountainRange)
	(attribute ?AREA MountainousTerrain))

(instance FertileTerrain TerrainAttribute)

(documentation FertileTerrain "&%FertileTerrain describes an area 
that has the type of soil and climate conditions needed to produce 
good quality crops.")

(=>
	(attribute ?AREA FertileTerrain)
	(capability Agriculture located ?AREA)) ; located not a CaseRole

(=>
	(and
		(instance ?SOIL Soil)
		(attribute ?SOIL Yellow)
		(instance ?AREA LandArea)
		(component ?SOIL ?area))
	(not (attribute ?AREA FertileTerrain)))

(=>
	(and
		(instance ?SOIL Soil)
		(attribute ?SOIL Red)
		(instance ?AREA LandArea)
		(component ?SOIL ?AREA))
	(attribute ?AREA FertileTerrain))

(instance GeologicallyStable TerrainAttribute)

(documentation GeologicallyStable "&%GeologicallyStable is a 
&%TerrainAttribute of a &%GeographicArea in which the geological 
substructure is stable, i.e., there are no active &%Volcanoes, 
no major fault lines, no blasting or other destabilizing activity.")

(=>
	(and
		(instance ?AREA GeographicArea)
		(instance ?CONE Volcano)
		(attribute ?CONE VolcanicallyActive))
	(not (attribute ?AREA GeologicallyStable)))

(=>
	(and
		(instance ?AREA GeographicArea)
		(instance ?BLOW VolcanicEruption)
		(located ?BLOW ?AREA))
	(not (attribute ?AREA GeologicallyStable)))

(=>
	(and
		(instance ?AREA GeographicArea)
		(instance ?SHAKING EarthTremor)
		(located ?SHAKING ?AREA))
	(not (attribute ?AREA GeologicallyStable)))

(=>
	(and
		(instance ?AREA GeographicArea)
		(instance ?FAULT GeologicalFault)
		(located ?FAULT ?AREA))
	(not (attribute ?AREA GeologicallyStable)))

;;-----------------------------------------------------------------------

;; K. Elevation extremes

(instance elevation BinaryPredicate)
(domain elevation 1 Object)
(domain elevation 2 LengthMeasure)

(documentation elevation "(&%elevation ?OBJECT ?HEIGHT) means that the 
physical &%Object ?OBJECT is located on the surface of &%PlanetEarth 
at the vertical distance ?HEIGHT above (or below, for a negative 
quantity) &%SeaLevel.  ?OBJECT may be a &%superficialPart of Earth's 
surface, such as a &%GeographicArea.  Elevation is measured from 
&%SeaLevel to the vertical top of the object.")

(=>
	(elevation ?OBJECT ?HEIGHT)
	(exists (?PLACE)
		(and
			(instance ?PLACE GeographicArea)
			(located ?OBJECT ?PLACE))))
(=>
	(and
		(elevation ?OBJECT ?HEIGHT)
		(located ?OBJECT ?PLACE)
		(instance ?PLACE GeographicArea))
	(superficialPart ?PLACE PlanetEarth))
		
(=>
	(elevation ?OBJECT ?HEIGHT)
	(exists (?DATUM)
		(and
			(properPart ?DATUM SeaLevel)
			(orientation ?OBJECT ?DATUM Vertical)
			(distance ?OBJECT ?DATUM ?HEIGHT))))

(=>
	(and
		(elevation ?OBJECT (MeasureFn ?NUM ?UNIT))
		(instance ?UNIT UnitOfMeasure)
		(instance ?OBJECT LandForm))
	(exists (?HIGHPOINT)
		(and
			(top ?HIGHPOINT ?OBJECT)
			(distance ?HIGHPOINT SeaLevel (MeasureFn ?NUM ?UNIT)))))

(instance ElevationLowPointFn UnaryFunction)
(domain ElevationLowPointFn 1 GeographicArea)
(range ElevationLowPointFn GeographicArea)

(documentation ElevationLowPointFn "(&%ElevationLowPointFn ?AREA) 
denotes the area within the &%GeographicArea ?AREA that has the 
lowest &%elevation.")

(=>
	(and
		(instance ?AREA GeographicArea)
		(geographicSubregion (ElevationLowPointFn ?AREA) ?AREA)
		(elevation (ElevationLowPointFn ?AREA) ?ELEV1))
	(not 
		(exists (?OTHER ?ELEV2)
			(and
				(geographicSubregion ?OTHER ?AREA)
				(not (equal ?OTHER (ElevationLowPointFn ?AREA)))
				(elevation ?OTHER ?ELEV2)
				(lessThan ?ELEV2 ?ELEV1)))))

(instance ElevationHighPointFn UnaryFunction)
(domain ElevationHighPointFn 1 GeographicArea)
(range ElevationHighPointFn GeographicArea)

(documentation ElevationHighPointFn "(&%ElevationHighPointFn ?AREA) 
denotes the area within the &%GeographicArea ?AREA that has the 
highest &%elevation.")

(=>
	(and
		(instance ?AREA GeographicArea)
		(geographicSubregion (ElevationHighPointFn ?AREA) ?AREA)
		(elevation (ElevationHighPointFn ?AREA) ?ELEV1))
	(not 
		(exists (?OTHER ?ELEV2)
			(and
				(geographicSubregion ?OTHER ?AREA)
				(not (equal ?OTHER (ElevationHighPointFn ?AREA)))
				(elevation ?OTHER ?ELEV2)
				(greaterThan ?ELEV2 ?ELEV1)))))

;;-----------------------------------------------------------------------

;; L. Natural resources

(instance naturalResourceTypeInArea BinaryPredicate)
(domain naturalResourceTypeInArea 1 GeographicArea)
(domainSubclass naturalResourceTypeInArea 2 Object)

(documentation naturalResourceTypeInArea 
"(&%naturalResourceTypeInArea ?REGION ?TYPE) means that the 
&%GeographicArea ?REGION has resources of the kind ?TYPE.")

(=>
	(naturalResourceTypeInArea ?AREA ?TYPE)
	(exists (?ITEM)
		(and
			(instance ?ITEM ?TYPE)
			(located ?ITEM ?AREA))))

(subclass Barite CompoundSubstance)
(subclass Barite Mineral)
(names "barite" Barite)

(documentation Barite 
"&%Barite is Barium Sulfate occurring as a mineral.")

(names "bauxite" Bauxite)

(documentation Bauxite "&%Bauxite is an impure mixture of earthy 
hydrous aluminum oxides and hydroxides that is the principal 
source of aluminum.")

(subclass BrownCoal Coal)
(names "brown coal" BrownCoal)
(names "lignite" BrownCoal)

(documentation BrownCoal "&%BrownCoal is a soft &%Coal harder than 
peat and softer than bituminous coal.  Also called lignite, it is 
brownish in color.")

(documentation Chromite "A mineral that consists of an oxide of
iron and chromium.")
(subclass Chromite CompoundSubstance)
(subclass Chromite Mineral)
(names "chromite" Chromite)

(subclass Coal CompoundSubstance)
(subclass Coal Mineral)
(subclass Coal Rock)
(names "coal" Coal)

(documentation Coal "&%Coal is a black or brownish black solid combustible 
substance formed by the partial decomposition of vegetable matter without 
free access of air and under the influence of moisture and often increased 
pressure and temperature.  &%Coal is a sedimentary rock containing a high 
proportion of carbon.") 

(subclass HydropowerWaterArea WaterArea)

(documentation HydropowerWaterArea "&%HydropowerWaterArea 
is the class of &%WaterAreas with waterflow strength adequate 
for the production of hydropower.")

(subclass NaturalGas CompoundSubstance)
(names "natural gas" NaturalGas)

(documentation NaturalGas "&%NaturalGas is a combustible mixture 
of methane and higher hydrocarbons.")

(=>
	(instance ?GAS NaturalGas)
	(attribute ?GAS Gas))

(subclass Phosphate CompoundSubstance)
(names "phosphate" Phosphate)

(documentation Phosphate "&%Phospate is a salt or ester of a 
phosphoric acid.")

(subclass Potash CompoundSubstance)
(names "potash" Potash)

(documentation Potash "&%Potash is a Potassium carbonate from 
wood ashes or a potassium compound.")

(subclass PreciousGemstone Object)

(documentation PreciousGemstone "&%PreciousGemstone is the class of 
&%Minerals and fossilized substances that have great monetary value.")

(subclass SemipreciousGemstone Object)

(documentation SemipreciousGemstone "&%SemipreciousGemstone is the 
class of &%Minerals and other substances that have significant 
monetary value, but less than those of the class &%PreciousGemstone.")

(subclass Talc Mineral)
(names "talc" Talc)

(documentation Talc "&%Talc is a very soft &%Mineral that is 
a basic silicate of magnesium.")

(subclass Timber CompoundSubstance)
(names "timber" Timber)

(documentation Timber "&%Timber is wood from trees that is 
suitable for use for building or other human purposes.")

(relatedInternalConcept Timber OrganicObject)
(relatedInternalConcept Timber BotanicalTree)

(subclass IronOre CompoundSubstance)
(names IronOre "iron ore")

(documentation IronOre "&%IronOre is a subclass of &%CompoundSubstance 
that contains compounds of iron, of which the most common are 
hematite and limonite.  Iron is obtained from smelting iron ores.")

(=>
	(and
		(instance ?PROCESS Separating)
		(resource ?PROCESS ?SOURCE)
		(result ?PROCESS ?PRODUCT)
		(instance ?PRODUCT Iron))
	(instance ?SOURCE IronOre)) 

; Terms defined in elements.kif:
;(subclass Antimony ElementalSubstance)
;(subclass Copper ElementalSubstance)
;(subclass Gold ElementalSubstance)
;(subclass Iron ElementalSubstance)
;(subclass Lead ElementalSubstance)
;(subclass Mercury ElementalSubstance)
;(subclass Molybdenum ElementalSubstance)
;(subclass Nickel ElementalSubstance)
;(subclass Silver ElementalSubstance)
;(subclass Sulfur ElementalSubstance)
;(subclass Tungsten ElementalSubstance)
;(subclass Uranium ElementalSubstance)
;(subclass Zinc ElementalSubstance)

;;-----------------------------------------------------------------------

;; M. Land use

(subclass ArableLand LandArea)

(documentation ArableLand "&%ArableLand is the subclass of 
&%LandArea that represents land in cultivation with crops that 
are replanted after each harvest, e.g., wheat and rice.")

(instance arableLandArea BinaryPredicate)
(domain arableLandArea 1 GeographicArea)
(domain arableLandArea 2 ConstantQuantity)

(documentation arableLandArea "(&%arableLandArea ?REGION ?AMOUNT) 
means that the &%GeographicArea ?REGION has ?AMOUNT of land under 
cultivation with crops that are replanted after each harvest. ?AMOUNT 
may be expressed in physical units or with a percent or fraction.
Cf. &%permanentCropLandArea.")

(=>
	(and
		(arableLandArea ?REGION ?FRACTION)
		(greaterThanOrEqualTo ?FRACTION 0)
		(totalArea ?REGION ?TOTAL)
		(instance ?TOTAL AreaMeasure)
		(equal ?AMOUNT (MultiplicationFn ?FRACTION ?TOTAL)))
	(arableLandArea ?REGION ?AMOUNT))

(=>
	(and
		(arableLandArea ?REGION ?FRACTION)
		(greaterThanOrEqualTo ?FRACTION 0)
		(totalArea ?REGION (MeasureFn ?TOTAL ?UNIT))
		(subclass ?UNIT AreaMeasure)
		(equal ?AMOUNT (MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?FRACTION ?TOTAL) ?UNIT)))
	(arableLandArea ?REGION ?AMOUNT))

(=>
	(and
		(arableLandArea ?REGION ?FRACTION)
		(greaterThanOrEqualTo ?FRACTION 0)
		(totalArea ?REGION (MeasureFn ?TOTAL ?UNIT))
		(subclass ?UNIT AreaMeasure))
	(exists (?ARABLE)
		(and
			(instance ?ARABLE ArableLand)
			(geographicSubregion ?ARABLE ?REGION)
			(measure ?ARABLE (MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?FRACTION ?TOTAL) ?UNIT)))))

(subclass PermanentCropLand LandArea)

(documentation PermanentCropLand "&%PermanentCropLand is the subclass 
of &%LandArea that represents land cultivated for crops that are produced 
without replanting after every harvest, such as fruit trees, coffee, rubber, 
nuts, and vineyards.  Does not include timberland.  Cf. &%arableLandArea.")

(instance permanentCropLandArea BinaryPredicate)
(domain permanentCropLandArea 1 GeographicArea)
(domain permanentCropLandArea 2 ConstantQuantity)

(documentation permanentCropLandArea 
"(&%permanentCropLandArea ?REGION ?AMOUNT) means that the &%GeographicArea 
?REGION has ?AMOUNT of land under cultivation with crops that are not 
replanted after each harvest.  This includes orchards, vineyards, coffee 
and rubber plantations.  Timberland is excluded. ?AMOUNT may be expressed 
in physical units or with a percent or fraction. Cf. &%permanentCropLandArea.")

(=>
	(and
		(permanentCropLandArea ?REGION ?FRACTION)
		(greaterThanOrEqualTo ?FRACTION 0)
		(totalArea ?REGION ?TOTAL)
		(instance ?TOTAL AreaMeasure)
		(equal ?AMOUNT (MultiplicationFn ?FRACTION ?TOTAL)))
	(permanentCropLandArea ?REGION ?AMOUNT))

(=>
	(and
		(permanentCropLandArea ?REGION ?FRACTION)
		(greaterThanOrEqualTo ?FRACTION 0)
		(totalArea ?REGION (MeasureFn ?TOTAL ?UNIT))
		(subclass ?UNIT AreaMeasure)
		(equal ?AMOUNT (MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?FRACTION ?TOTAL) ?UNIT)))
	(permanentCropLandArea ?REGION ?AMOUNT))

(=>
	(and
		(permanentCropLandArea ?REGION ?FRACTION)
		(greaterThanOrEqualTo ?FRACTION 0)
		(totalArea ?REGION (MeasureFn ?TOTAL ?UNIT))
		(subclass ?UNIT AreaMeasure))
	(exists (?PERMCROP)
		(and
			(instance ?PERMCROP PermanentCropLand)
			(geographicSubregion ?PERMCROP ?REGION)
			(measure ?PERMCROP (MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?FRACTION ?TOTAL) ?UNIT)))))

(instance otherLandUseArea BinaryPredicate)
(domain otherLandUseArea 1 GeographicArea)
(domain otherLandUseArea 2 ConstantQuantity)

(documentation otherLandUseArea 
"This predicate is used to represent information from the CIA 
World Fact Book. (&%otherLandUseArea ?REGION ?AMOUNT) means that 
in the &%GeographicArea ?REGION, the ?AMOUNT of land has some 
use other than planting seasonal or permanent crops.  ?AMOUNT may be 
expressed in physical units or with a percent or fraction. See also 
&%arableLandArea and &%permanentLandArea.")

(=>
	(and
		(otherLandUseArea ?REGION ?FRACTION)
		(greaterThanOrEqualTo ?FRACTION 0)
		(totalArea ?REGION ?TOTAL)
		(instance ?TOTAL AreaMeasure)
		(equal ?AMOUNT (MultiplicationFn ?FRACTION ?TOTAL)))
	(otherLandUseArea ?REGION ?AMOUNT))

(=>
	(and
		(otherLandUseArea ?REGION ?FRACTION)
		(greaterThanOrEqualTo ?FRACTION 0)
		(totalArea ?REGION (MeasureFn ?TOTAL ?UNIT))
		(subclass ?UNIT AreaMeasure)
		(equal ?AMOUNT (MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?FRACTION ?TOTAL) ?UNIT)))
	(otherLandUseArea ?REGION ?AMOUNT))

(=>
	(and
		(otherLandUseArea ?REGION ?FRACTION)
		(greaterThanOrEqualTo ?FRACTION 0)
		(totalArea ?REGION (MeasureFn ?TOTAL ?UNIT))
		(subclass ?UNIT AreaMeasure))
	(exists (?OTHER)
		(and
			(instance ?OTHER LandArea)
			(not (instance ?OTHER ArableLand))
			(not (instance ?OTHER PermanentCropLand))
			(geographicSubregion ?OTHER ?REGION)
			(measure ?OTHER (MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?FRACTION ?TOTAL) ?UNIT)))))

;;-----------------------------------------------------------------------

;; N. Irrigated land

(subclass IrrigatedLand LandArea)

(documentation IrrigatedLand "&%IrrigatedLand is the subclass of 
&%LandArea representing land whose water supply is artificially 
supplied or supplemented.")

(instance irrigatedLandArea BinaryPredicate)
(domain irrigatedLandArea 1 GeographicArea)
(domain irrigatedLandArea 1 ConstantQuantity)

(documentation irrigatedLandArea "(&%irrigatedLandArea ?REGION ?AMOUNT) 
means that the &%GeographicArea ?REGION has the ?AMOUNT of irrigated land. 
?AMOUNT may be expressed in physical units or with a percent or fraction.")

(=>
	(and
		(irrigatedLandArea ?REGION ?AMOUNT)
		(instance ?AMOUNT AreaMeasure)
		(totalArea ?REGION ?TOTAL)
		(instance ?TOTAL AreaMeasure)
		(equal ?FRACTION (DivisionFn ?AMOUNT ?TOTAL)))
	(irrigatedLandArea ?REGION ?FRACTION))

(=>
	(and
		(irrigatedLandArea ?REGION (MeasureFn ?AMOUNT ?UNIT))
		(totalArea ?REGION (MeasureFn ?TOTAL ?UNIT))
		(subclass ?UNIT AreaMeasure)
		(equal ?FRACTION (DivisionFn ?AMOUNT ?TOTAL)))
	(irrigatedLandArea ?REGION ?FRACTION))

(=>
	(and
		(irrigatedLandArea ?REGION (MeasureFn ?AMOUNT ?UNIT))
		(subclass ?UNIT AreaMeasure))
	(exists (?IRRLAND)
		(and
			(instance ?IRRLAND IrrigatedLand)
			(geographicSubregion ?IRRLAND ?REGION)
			(measure ?PERMCROP (MeasureFn ?AMOUNT ?UNIT)))))

;;-----------------------------------------------------------------------

;; O. Natural hazards

(instance naturalHazardTypeInArea BinaryPredicate)
(domain naturalHazardTypeInArea 1 GeographicArea)
(domainSubclass naturalHazardTypeInArea 2 Physical)

(documentation naturalHazardTypeInArea 
"(&%naturalHazardTypeInArea ?AREA ?TYPE) means that in the 
&%GeographicArea ?AREA, &%Processes of ?TYPE occur with some 
frequency and may cause damage or danger to human lives and property.")

(=>
	(and
		(naturalHazardTypeInArea ?AREA ?TYPE)
		(geographicSubregion ?AREA ?COUNTRY)
		(instance ?COUNTRY Nation))
	(naturalHazardTypeInArea ?NATION ?TYPE))

(=>
	(and
		(naturalHazardTypeInArea ?AREA ?TYPE)
		(subclass ?TYPE Object))
	(exists (?ITEM)
		(and
			(instance ?ITEM ?TYPE)
			(located ?ITEM ?AREA))))

(=>
	(and
		(naturalHazardTypeInArea ?AREA ?TYPE)
		(subclass ?TYPE Process))
	(exists (?ITEM)
		(and
			(instance ?ITEM ?TYPE)
			(located ?ITEM ?AREA)
			(overlapsTemporally (WhenFn ?ITEM) (WhenFn ?AREA)))))

(subclass AvalancheProcess Impelling)

(documentation AvalancheProcess "&%AvalancheProcess is a subclass of 
&%Motion that represents events in which a loosened mass of snow, ice, 
rock, or earth rapidly descends a steep slope, with a destructive force.")

(subclass LandslideProcess Impelling)

(documentation LandslideProcess "&%LandslideProcess is a subclass 
of &%Motion that represents events in which a loosened mass of mud, 
dirt, or rock slides down a slope, by the force of gravity.")

(subclass Drought WeatherProcess)

(documentation Drought "&%Drought is the subclass of &%WeatherProcess 
that represents long periods without precipitation, which is damaging 
to crops, livestock, and human life.")

(=>
	(and
		(instance ?DRYSPELL Drought)
		(exactlyLocated ?DRYSPELL ?AREA))
	(not
		(exists (?RAIN ?PLACE)
			(and
				(instance ?RAIN Raining)
				(instance ?PLACE Region)
				(located ?RAIN ?PLACE)
				(overlapsSpatially ?PLACE ?AREA)
				(overlapsTemporally ?RAIN ?DRYSPELL)))))

(subclass Earthquake GeologicalProcess)

(documentation Earthquake "&%Earthquake is the class of events in 
which the earth shakes while its layers readjust due to tensional 
stresses in the surface of the earth.  A single earthquake may consist 
of one or more &%EarthTremors.")

(=>
	(instance ?QUAKE Earthquake)
	(exists (?TREMOR)
		(and
			(instance ?TREMOR EarthTremor)
			(subProcess ?TREMOR ?QUAKE))))

(subclass EarthTremor GeologicalProcess)

(documentation EarthTremor "An &%EarthTremor is an individual seismic 
event in which the earth shakes due to release of seismic pressures.")

(subclass Aftershock EarthTremor)

(documentation Aftershock "&%Aftershock is the subclass of &%EarthTremors 
that occur after the main tremor(s) of an &%Earthquake.")

(=>
	(and
		(instance ?SHOCK Aftershock)
		(located ?SHOCK ?PLACE))
	(exists (?TREMOR)
		(and
			(instance ?TREMOR EarthTremor)
			(located ?TREMOR ?PLACE)
			(before (WhenFn ?TREMOR) (WhenFn ?SHOCK)))))

(instance RichterMagnitude UnitOfMeasure)
(subclass RichterMagnitude FunctionQuantity)
(names "Richter magnitude" RichterMagnitude)
(names "Richter scale" RichterMagnitude)

(documentation RichterMagnitude "A &%RichterMagnitude is a measure 
of the severity of an &%EarthTremor.  For example, 
(&%MeasureFn 6.5 RichterMagnitude) denotes the value of 6.5 on the 
Richter scale.")

(=>
	(measure ?QUAKE (MeasureFn ?VALUE RichterMagnitude))
	(instance ?VALUE PositiveRealNumber))

(=>
	(measure ?QUAKE (MeasureFn ?VALUE RichterMagnitude))
	(or
		(instance ?QUAKE EarthTremor)
		(instance ?QUAKE Earthquake)))

(=>
	(and
		(measure ?QUAKE (MeasureFn ?VALUE RichterMagnitude))
		(instance ?QUAKE Earthquake))
	(exists (?TREMOR)
		(and
			(instance ?TREMOR EarthTremor)
			(subProcess ?TREMOR ?QUAKE)
			(measure ?TREMOR (MeasureFn ?VALUE RichterMagnitude)))))

(subclass GeologicalFault GeographicArea)

(documentation GeologicalFault "&%GeologicalFault is the subclass of 
&%GeographicAreas in which there is a fracture in the Earth's crust 
and differential movement can occur on the two sides of the fault.  
Such movement results in &%EarthTremors and is the cause of 
&%Earthquakes.")

(=>
	(instance ?QUAKE EarthTremor)
	(exists (?FAULT)
		(and
			(instance ?FAULT GeologicalFault)
			(origin ?QUAKE ?FAULT))))

(=>
	(instance ?QUAKE Earthquake)
	(exists (?FAULT)
		(and
			(instance ?FAULT GeologicalFault)
			(origin ?QUAKE ?FAULT))))

(subclass DipSlipFault GeologicalFault)
(subclass NormalFault DipSlipFault)
(subclass ThrustFault DipSlipFault)
(subclass StrikeSlipFault GeologicalFault)

(subclass Fire Combustion)

(documentation Fire "&%Fire is the subclass of &%Combustion events in 
which flames are present.  Fires are slower combustion processes than 
explosions, though some fires may include explosive episodes.")

(subclass ForestFire Combustion)

(=>
	(instance ?FIRE ForestFire)
	(exists (?FOREST)
		(and
			(instance ?FOREST Forest)
			(located ?FIRE ?FOREST)
			(patient ?FIRE ?FOREST))))

(subclass GrassFire Combustion)

(=>
	(instance ?FIRE GrassFire)
	(exists (?GRASS)
		(and
			(instance ?GRASS Grass)
			(located ?FIRE ?GRASS)
			(patient ?FIRE ?GRASS))))

(subclass Flooding Process)

(subclass Hurricane TropicalCyclone)

(instance Permafrost CompoundSubstance)

(subclass Tornado WeatherProcess)

(subclass Tsunami Process)

(documentation Tsunami "&%Tsunami is the class of highly destructive 
ocean waves caused by offshore seismic processes.")

(subclass VolcanicEruption GeologicalProcess)

(documentation VolcanicEruption "&%VolcanicEruption is the subclass of 
&%GeologicalProcesses in which &%Volcanoes erupt.")

(=>
	(instance ?ERUPTING VolcanicEruption)
	(exists (?VOLCANO)
		(and
			(instance ?VOLCANO Volcano)
			(located ?ERUPTING ?VOLCANO))))

(=>
	(instance ?ERUPTING VolcanicEruption)
	(exists (?HEATING)
		(and
			(instance ?HEATING Heating)
			(subProcess ?HEATING ?ERUPTING))))

;;-----------------------------------------------------------------------

;; P. Environment - current issues

(instance environmentalProblemTypeInArea BinaryPredicate)
(domain environmentalProblemTypeInArea 1 GeographicArea)
(domainSubclass environmentalProblemTypeInArea 2 Physical)

(documentation environmentalProblemTypeInArea 
"(&%environmentalProblemTypeInArea ?AREA ?PROBLEM) means that 
objects or processes of type ?PROBLEM is an environmental 
problem in the &%GeographicArea ?AREA.")

(=>
	(environmentalProblemTypeInArea ?AREA ?PROBLEM)
	(exists (?EVENT)
		(and
			(instance ?EVENT ?PROBLEM)
			(located ?EVENT ?AREA))))

;; Environmental phenomena

(subclass GeologicalProcess InternalChange)

(subclass Acidification Process)

(documentation Acidification "&%Acidification is the process of 
lowering soil and water pH due to acid rain or other types of 
acid deposition.  Potential harmful effects include killing 
freshwater fish and plants.")

(subclass AirPollution Pollution)

(documentation AirPollution "&%AirPollution is the subclass of 
&%Pollution processes in which air is contaminated.")

(subclass AcidRainfall Process)

(documentation AcidRainfall "&%AcidRainfall is the subclass of 
&%Raining in which the precipitate contains harmful amounts of 
sulfur dioxide or nitrogen oxide.  The standard for acid rain 
is below 5.6 pH.")

(causesSubclass AirPollution AcidRainfall)
(causesSubclass AcidRainfall Acidification)

(subclass PHValue ConstantQuantity)
(instance PHValue UnitOfMeasure)
(names "pH" PHValue)

(documentation PHValue "&%PHValue ('pH') is a &%UnitOfMeasure 
used to measure the acidity or alkalinity of a solution.  The pH 
scale ranges from 0 to 14.  The pH of a  neutral solution is 7.  
Acid solutions have a pH value less than seven.  Alkaline solutions 
have a value greater than seven.")

(=>
	(measure ?SOLUTION (MeasureFn ?PH PHValue))
	(lessThanOrEqualTo ?PH 14))

(=>
	(measure ?SOLUTION (MeasureFn ?PH PHValue))
	(greaterThanOrEqualTo ?PH 0))

(=>
	(and
		(instance ?RAINFALL Process)
		(patient ?RAINFALL ?RAIN)
		(instance ?RAIN Water)
		(measure ?RAIN (MeasureFn ?PH PHValue)))
	(lessThan ?PH 5.6))

(subclass AerosolParticulate Object)

(documentation AerosolParticulate "&%AerosolParticulate is a 
subclass of &%Object that includes aerosol-dispersed particles 
that are mixed with air, gas, or smoke.  A form of &%Pollution.")

(subclass CarbonDioxideEmission Process)

(subclass Afforestation Planting)

(documentation Afforestation "&%Afforestation is the process of 
planting trees and plants on spaces that are either empty or in 
agricultural use.")

(subclass Planting Putting)

(documentation Planting "&%Planting is the class of processes in 
which botanical &%Plants are planted or transplanted, whether as 
seeds, seedlings, or mature plants.")

(subclass Reforestation Planting)

(documentation Reforestation "&%Reforestation is the process of 
replanting trees on land where they were cut or burned.")

(=>
	(instance ?RESTORE Reforestation)
	(exists (?TREE)
		(and 
			(instance ?TREE BotanicalTree)
			(attribute ?TREE NonFullyFormed)
			(patient ?RESTORE ?TREE))))

(subclass Asbestos Mineral)

(documentation Asbestos "&%Asbestos is a &%Mineral.")

(subclass BiodiversityAttribute InternalAttribute)

(documentation BiodiversityAttribute "&%BiodiversityAttribute is the 
class of &%Attributes that describe the level of biodiversity present 
in a &%GeographicArea or &%Ecosystem.")

(instance LowBiodiversity BiodiversityAttribute)
(instance MediumBiodiversity BiodiversityAttribute)
(instance HighBiodiversity BiodiversityAttribute)

(instance bioindicatorForHabitat BinaryPredicate)
(domain bioindicatorForHabitat 1 GeographicArea)
(domainSubclass bioindicatorForHabitat 2 OrganicObject)

(documentation bioindicatorForHabitat 
"(&%bioindicatorForHabitat ?AREA ?SPECIES) means that the health 
of the individuals in ?SPECIES indicates the condition of their 
habitat in the &%GeographicArea ?AREA.")

(instance totalBiomass BinaryPredicate)
(domain totalBiomass 1 GeographicArea)
(domain totalBiomass 2 PhysicalQuantity)

(documentation totalBiomass "(&%totalBiomass ?PLACE ?MASS) means that the 
total amount (in weight or volume) of living matter in the &%Region 
?PLACE is ?MASS.") 

(subclass CarbonCycle GeologicalProcess)

(documentation CarbonCycle "&%CarbonCycle is the class of 
&%GeologicalProcesses in which carbon in various forms is passed 
between air, water, earth, and the biosphere.")

(subclass WaterCatchment Artifact)

(documentation WaterCatchment "&%WaterCatchment is the subclass of 
&%Artifacts used to capture rainwater or runoff as a source 
of &%Freshwater.")

(subclass DDT CompoundSubstance)
(names "dichoro-diphenyl-trichloro-ethane" DDT)
(abbreviation "DDT" DDT)

(documentation DDT "&%DDT (dichoro-diphenyl-trichloro-ethane) 
is a highly toxic insecticide also harmful to most other animal 
species.  DDT was banned in the &%UnitedStates in 1972.")

(subclass Defoliant PureSubstance)

(documentation Defoliant "&%Defoliant is the class of substances 
that are used to make plants lose their leaves, typically used 
in agriculture or warfare.  Defoliants may have detrimental 
environmental side effects.")

(subclass Deforestation Removing)

(subclass Desertification Process)

(documentation Desertification "&%Desertification represents the 
&%Process by which desert conditions are spread over an area.")

(subclass Dredging Removing)

(subclass Ecosystem GeographicArea)

(documentation Ecosystem "&%Ecosystem is a subclass of &%GeographicAreas 
considered together with their organisms and environment as a functioning 
whole.")

(subclass Effluent Object)

(documentation Effluent "&%Effluent is a subclass of &%Object 
that generically covers any waste matter that is released into 
the environment, including sewage and industrial pollutants.")

(=>
	(instance ?STUFF Effluent)
	(attribute ?STUFF Fluid))

(subclass EndangeredSpecies Organism)

(documentation EndangeredSpecies "&%EndangeredSpecies is the 
subclass of &%Organism that includes plants and animals that 
are in danger of extinction from destruction of individuals 
or of habitat.")

(subclass Erosion Removing)
(subclass Erosion GeologicalProcess)

(documentation Erosion "&%Erosion is a wearing process on 
&%LandForms by wind, running water, ice, heat, and other processes, 
in which rock and soil material are removed from one area and 
deposited elsewhere.")

(=>
	(instance ?WEARING Erosion)
	(exists (?LAND)
		(and
			(patient ?WEARING ?LAND)
			(instance ?LAND LandForm))))

(=>
	(and
		(instance ?WEARING Erosion)
		(instance ?LAND LandForm)
		(patient ?WEARING ?LAND)
		(measure ?LAND ?SIZE1)
		(instance ?SIZE1 VolumeMeasure))
	(holdsDuring (ImmediateFutureFn (WhenFn ?WEARING))
		(exists (?SIZE2)
			(and
				(measure ?LAND ?SIZE2)
				(instance ?SIZE2 VolumeMeasure)
				(lessThan ?SIZE2 ?SIZE1)))))

(subclass Fishing Hunting)

(documentation Fishing "&%Fishing is the class of &%Processes in which 
&%Fish are hunted.")

(=>
	(and
		(instance ?FISHING Fishing)
		(patient ?FISHING ?TARGET)
		(instance ?TARGET Animal))
	(instance ?TARGET Fish))

(subclass Hunting IntentionalProcess)

(documentation Hunting "&%Hunting is the class of &%Processes in which 
an animal or animals are pursued and sometimes captured.")

(=>
	(instance ?HUNT Hunting)
	(exists (?TARGET)
		(and
			(instance ?TARGET Animal)
			(patient ?HUNT ?TARGET))))

(=>
	(instance ?HUNT Hunting)
	(exists (?CHASE)
		(and
			(instance ?CHASE Pursuing)
			(subProcess ?CHASE ?HUNT))))

(subclass ForestDamage Damaging)
(subclass ForestFire ForestDamage)
(subclass Deforestation ForestDamage)

(=>
	(instance ?HARMING ForestDamage)
	(exists (?TREE)
		(and
			(instance ?TREE BotanicalTree)
			(patient ?HARMING ?TREE))))

(subclass DriftnetFishing Fishing)

(subclass FreshwaterOverutilization Process)

(subclass Freshwater Water)

(documentation Freshwater "&%Freshwater is the subclass of &%Water 
that has low soluble mineral content.  See also &%PotableWater.")

(subclass GreenhouseGas PureSubstance)

(documentation GreenhouseGas "&%GreenhouseGas is the subclass of 
substances that, when present in the atmosphere, trap infrared 
radiation and cause global warming.  Greenhouse gases include 
carbon dioxide, hydrofluorocarbons, methane, nitrous oxide, ozone, 
and water vapor.")

(subclass Groundwater Water)

(documentation Groundwater "&%Groundwater is the subclass of 
&%Water that is found in deposits in the earth.") 

(subclass IndustrialPollution Pollution)

(documentation IndustrialPollution "&%IndustrialPollution is 
the subclass of &%Pollution characterized by pollutants that 
originate in industrial processes.")

(subclass MetallurgicalPlant Organization)

(documentation MetallurgicalPlant "&%MetallurgicalPlant is the 
subclass of &%Organization that includes metal refining and 
manufacturing plants.  Such plants typically release extremely 
toxic waste which can pollute air and groundwater if not 
properly treated.")

(subclass NoxiousSubstance Object)

(documentation NoxiousSubstance "&%NoxiousSubstance is 
the class of substances that are harmful to &%Humans.")

(subclass Overgrazing Process)

(documentation Overgrazing "&%Overgrazing is the class of processes 
in which grazing animals consume vegetation faster than it can regrow.")

(instance OzoneShield AtmosphericRegion)
(instance OzoneShield CompoundSubstance)

(documentation OzoneShield "The &%OzoneShield is a layer in 
&%EarthsAtmosphere, located about 25 miles above Earth's surface, 
composed of ozone gas that absorbs ultraviolent radiation from 
the Sun that can be damaging to living things.") 

(altitude OzoneShield (MeasureFn 25 Mile))

(subclass PesticidePollution Pollution)

(documentation PesticidePollution "&%PesticidePollution is 
the subclass of &%Pollution in which the pollutant is a pesticide.")

(subclass Poaching Killing)

(documentation Poaching "&%Poaching is the illegal killing 
of non-human animals.")

(subclass Pollution Process)

(documentation Pollution "&%Pollution is the contamination of an 
environment by man-made wastes.")

(subclass PotableWater Freshwater)

(documentation PotableWater "&%PotableWater is the subclass 
of &%Water that represents safely drinkable water.")

(instance ShortageFn UnaryFunction)
(domainSubclass ShortageFn 1 Object)
(range ShortageFn Entity)

(documentation ShortageFn "(&%ShortageFn ?TYPE) means that there 
is a shortage of objects of ?TYPE, which are used as &%resources.")

(subclass Salination Combining)

(documentation Salination "&%Salination is the class of processes 
in which either &%Freshwater or &%Topsoil becomes imbued with 
&%SodiumChloride from sea water or from the evaporation of irrigation water.")

(=>
	(instance ?PROCESS Salination)
	(exists (?SALT)
		(and
			(instance ?SALT SodiumChloride)
			(resource ?PROCESS ?SALT))))

(subclass Sanitation Process)

(documentation Sanitation "&%Sanitation is the class of processes 
by which human waste and garbage are disposed of.")

(subclass SewageDisposal Sanitation)
(subclass SolidWasteDisposal Sanitation)

(subclass Siltation Putting)

(documentation Siltation "&%Siltation is the class of processes 
in which &%WaterAreas become filled in with silt or mud, due to 
soil &%Erosion.")

(subclass SlashAndBurnAgriculture Agriculture)

(documentation SlashAndBurnAgriculture "&%SlashAndBurnAgriculture 
is the subclass of &%Agriculture processes in which land is 
cleared by cutting and burning trees, and crops are farmed until 
the soil is depleted, at which point the plot is abandoned to 
regrowth.  This rotational technique is viable only with low 
populations and infrequent re-use.")

(subclass SoilDegradation Process)

(documentation SoilDegradation "&%SoilDegradation is a class of 
processes in which the productive capacity of soil is lowered by 
over-fertilization, overuse of pesticides, erosion, or soil 
compaction.")

(subclass SoilErosion Erosion)

(documentation SoilErosion "&%SoilErosion is the subclass of 
&%Erosion in which the matter removed by wind or water is topsoil.")

(causesSubclass SoilErosion Siltation)

(subclass SoilSalination Salination)

(=>
	(instance ?PROCESS SoilSalination)
	(exists (?SOIL)
		(and
			(instance ?SOIL Soil)
			(resource ?PROCESS ?SOIL)))) 

(subclass VehicularPollution Pollution)

(documentation VehicularPollution "&%VehicularPollution is the 
subclass of &%Pollution in which the pollutants are vehicle emissions.")

(relatedInternalConcept CarbonDioxideEmission VehicularPollution)

(subclass RadiatingUltraviolet RadiatingElectromagnetic)
(abbreviation "UV" RadiatingUltraviolet)

(documentation RadiatingUltraviolet "&%RadiatingUltraviolet is the 
subclass of &%RadiatingElectromagnetic processes in which ultraviolet 
radiation is transmitted or absorbed.")


(subclass RadiatingInfrared RadiatingElectromagnetic)
(subclass RadiatingLight RadiatingElectromagnetic)
(subclass RadiatingXRay RadiatingElectromagnetic)

(subclass WaterOverutilization Process)

(subclass WaterPollution Pollution)

(documentation WaterPollution "&%WaterPollution is the subclass 
of &%Pollution processes in which &%Water is the polluted substance.")

;;-----------------------------------------------------------------------

;; Q. Environment - international agreements

(subclass Agreement Proposition)

(documentation Agreement "&%Agreement is the class of 
&%Propositions that express the contents of agreements 
entered into by &%CognitiveAgents. &%Agreement includes 
treaties, contracts, purchase orders, pledges, marriage 
vows, etc.  An &%Agreement may be written down in a document 
or other &%ContentBearingObject.")

(=>
	(instance ?COMPACT Agreement)
	(exists (?COMM)
		(and
			(instance ?COMM Committing)
			(represents ?COMM ?COMPACT))))

(subclass InternationalAgreement Agreement)

(documentation InternationalAgreement "&%InternationalAgreement is the 
subclass of &%Agreements which are made by and between &%Nations.")

(=>
	(and
		(instance ?AGREEMENT InternationalAgreement)
		(instance ?COMMITTING Committing)
		(represents ?COMMITTING ?AGREEMENT))
	(exists (?AGT)
		(and 
			(agent ?COMMITTING ?AGENT)
			(instance ?AGENT Nation))))	

(instance DocumentFn UnaryFunction)
(domain DocumentFn 1 Proposition)
(rangeSubclass DocumentFn Text)

(documentation DocumentFn "(&%DocumentFn ?PROP) denotes a class 
of &%Text objects that contain the information ?PROP.")

(=>
	(and
		(instance ?PROP Proposition)
		(instance (DocumentFn ?PROP) Text))
	(containsInformation ?DOC ?PROP))

(=>
	(and
		(instance ?PROP Proposition)
		(instance ?CBO ContentBearingObject)
		(containsInformation ?CBO ?PROP)
		(instance ?COMM Communication)
		(patient ?COMM ?CBO))
	(represents ?COMM ?PROP))

(subclass TreatyDocument Text)

(documentation TreatyDocument "&%TreatyDocument is the subclass of 
&%Texts that represent written agreements between &%Nations.")

(=>
	(instance ?TREATY TreatyDocument)
	(exists (?COMM ?COUNTRY1 ?COUNTRY2)
	   (and
		(instance ?COMM Committing)
		(patient ?COMM ?TREATY)
		(instance ?COUNTRY1 GeopoliticalArea)
		(agent ?COMM ?COUNTRY1)
		(instance ?COUNTRY2 GeopoliticalArea)
		(agent ?COMM ?COUNTRY2)
		(not (equal ?COUNTRY1 ?COUNTRY2)))))

(instance AgreementOrganizationFn UnaryFunction)
(domain AgreementOrganizationFn 1 Agreement)
(range AgreementOrganizationFn Organization)

(documentation AgreementOrganizationFn "(&%AgreementOrganizationFn ?AGR) 
denotes the official &%Organization established by the &%Agreement ?AGR 
to administer or enforce the terms of that agreement.")

(=>
	(and
		(instance ?AGR InternationalAgreement)
		(instance (AgreementOrganizationFn ?AGR) Organization))
	(instance (AgreementOrganizationFn ?AGR) OrganizationOfNations))

(instance dateOpenedForSignature BinaryPredicate)
(domain dateOpenedForSignature 1 Proposition)
(domainSubclass dateOpenedForSignature 2 TimePosition)

(documentation dateOpenedForSignature 
"(&%dateOpenedForSignature ?PROP ?DATE) means that as of a date 
indicated by ?DATE, document(s) may officially be signed (by the 
appropriate agents) to effect commitments to the &%Agreement ?PROP.") 

;; For "date entered into force" use (from Government.kif):
;; &%agreementEffectiveDate: Proposition x (subclass of) TimePosition 

(instance partyToAgreement BinaryPredicate)
(domain partyToAgreement 1 Agent)
(domain partyToAgreement 2 Proposition)

(documentation partyToAgreement "(&%partyToAgreement ?AGENT ?PROP) 
means that the &%Agent ?AGENT has committed to the agreement ?PROP.")

(=>
	(partyToAgreement ?AGENT ?CONTENT)
	(instance ?CONTENT Agreement))

(=>
	(partyToAgreement ?AGENT ?CONTENT)
	(exists (?COMMITTING ?CBO)
		(and
			(instance ?COMMITTING Committing)
			(instance ?CBO ContentBearingObject)
			(patient ?COMMITTING ?CBO)
			(containsInformation ?CBO ?CONTENT)
			(agent ?COMMITTING ?AGENT))))

(instance unratifiedSignatoryToAgreement BinaryPredicate)
(domain unratifiedSignatoryToAgreement 1 Agent)
(domain unratifiedSignatoryToAgreement 2 Proposition)

(documentation unratifiedSignatoryToAgreement
"(&%unratifiedSignatoryToAgreement ?AGENT ?PROP) means that 
the &%Agent ?AGENT has signed a document to begin the process of 
committing to the &%Agreement ?PROP, but that a ratification 
process required to complete the commitment has not yet occurred.")

(=>
	(unratifiedSignatoryToAgreement ?AGENT ?PROP)
	(not (partyToAgreement ?AGENT ?PROP)))

(subclass SigningADocument Committing)

(documentation SigningADocument "&%SigningADocument is the class of 
actions in which an agent affixes a signature, stamp, or other evidence 
of authorization or attestation to a document.  The document and signature 
may be electronic.  Signings count as &%SocialInteractions even if done in 
private, because their significance derives from a social context.")

(=>
	(instance ?SIGNING SigningADocument)
	(exists (?DOC ?TERMS)
		(and
			(instance ?DOC LinguisticExpression)
			(instance ?TERMS Agreement)
			(containsInformation ?DOC ?TERMS)
			(patient ?SIGNING ?DOC))))

;;-----------------------------------

;; Environmental Agreements covered by the CIA World Fact Book:

(instance AirPollutionConvention Agreement)

(conventionalLongName "Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution" AirPollutionConvention)

(conventionalShortName "Air Pollution" AirPollutionConvention)

(instance AirPollution-NitrogenOxidesProtocol Agreement)

(conventionalLongName "Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution Concerning the Control of Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides or Their Transboundary Fluxes" AirPollution-NitrogenOxidesProtocol)

(instance AirPollution-PeristentOrganicPollutantsProtocol Agreement)

(conventionalLongName "Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution on Persistent Organic Pollutants" AirPollution-PeristentOrganicPollutantsProtocol)

(instance AirPollution-Sulphur85Protocol Agreement)

(conventionalLongName "Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution on the Reduction of Sulphur Emissions or Their Transboundary Fluxes by at least 30%" AirPollution-Sulphur85Protocol)

(instance AirPollution-Sulphur94Protocol Agreement)

(conventionalLongName "Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution on Further Reduction of Sulphur Emissions"  AirPollution-Sulphur94Protocol)

(instance AirPollution-VolatileOrganicCompoundsProtocol Agreement)

(conventionalLongName "Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution Concerning the Control of Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds or Their Transboundary Fluxes" AirPollution-VolatileOrganicCompoundsProtocol)

(instance Antarctic-EnvironmentalProtocol Agreement)

(conventionalLongName "Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty" Antarctic-EnvironmentalProtocol)

(instance Antarctic-MarineLivingResourcesConvention Agreement)

(conventionalLongName "Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources" Antarctic-MarineLivingResourcesConvention)

(conventionalShortName "Antarctic-Marine Living Resources" Antarctic-MarineLivingResourcesConvention)

(instance AntarcticSealsConvention Agreement)

(conventionalLongName "Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals" AntarcticSealsConvention)

(conventionalShortName "Antarctic Seals" AntarcticSealsConvention)

(instance AntarcticTreaty Agreement)
(conventionalLongName "Antarctic Treaty" AntarcticTreaty)
(agreementAdoptionDate AntarcticTreaty (DayFn 1 (MonthFn December (YearFn 1959))))
(agreementEffectiveDate AntarcticTreaty (DayFn 23 (MonthFn June (YearFn 1961))))

;; consultative (voting) members: (claimants) Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, NewZealand, Norway, UnitedKingdomOfGreatBritainAndNorthernIreland; (nonclaimants) Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, China, Ecuador, Finland, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, SouthKorea, Netherlands, Peru, Poland, Russia, SouthAfrica, Spain, Sweden, Uruguay, UnitedStates.
;; includes under the treaty all land and ice shelves south of 60 degrees 00 minutes south and reserves high seas rights.


(instance BiodiversityConvention Agreement)

(conventionalLongName "Convention on Biological Diversity" BiodiversityConvention)

(instance ClimateChangeConvention Agreement)

(conventionalLongName "United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change" ClimateChangeConvention)

(conventionalShortName "Climate Change" ClimateChangeConvention)

(instance ClimateChange-KyotoProtocol Agreement)

(conventionalLongName "Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change" ClimateChange-KyotoProtocol)

(conventionalShortName "Kyoto Protocol" ClimateChange-KyotoProtocol)
(conventionalShortName "Climate Change Kyoto Protocol" ClimateChange-KyotoProtocol)

(instance DesertificationConvention Agreement)

(conventionalLongName "United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought or Desertification, Particularly in Africa" DesertificationConvention)

(conventionalShortName "Desertification" DesertificationConvention)

(instance EndangeredSpeciesConvention Agreement)

(conventionalLongName "Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna" EndangeredSpeciesConvention)

(conventionalShortName "EndangeredSpecies" EndangeredSpeciesConvention)
(abbreviation "CITES" EndangeredSpeciesConvention)

(instance EnvironmentalModificationConvention Agreement)

(conventionalLongName "Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques" EnvironmentalModificationConvention)

(conventionalShortName "Environmental Modification" EnvironmentalModificationConvention)

(instance HazardousWastesConvention Agreement)

(conventionalLongName "Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal" HazardousWastesConvention )

(conventionalShortName "Basel Convention" HazardousWastesConvention)
(conventionalShortName "Hazardous Wastes" HazardousWastesConvention)

(instance LawOfTheSeaConvention Agreement)

(conventionalLongName "United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea" LawOfTheSeaConvention)

(conventionalShortName "Law of the Sea" LawOfTheSeaConvention)
(abbreviation "LOS" LawOfTheSeaConvention)

(instance MarineDumpingConvention Agreement)

(conventionalLongName "Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping Wastes and Other Matter" MarineDumpingConvention)

(conventionalShortName "Marine Dumping" MarineDumpingConvention)
(conventionalShortName "London Convention" MarineDumpingConvention)

(instance MarineLifeConservationConvention Agreement)

(conventionalLongName "Convention on Fishing and Conservation of Living Resources of the High Seas" MarineLifeConservationConvention)

(conventionalShortName "Marine Life Conservation" MarineLifeConservationConvention)

(instance NuclearTestBanTreaty Agreement)

(conventionalLongName "Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapons Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space, and Under Water" NuclearTestBanTreaty)

(conventionalShortName "Nuclear Test Ban" NuclearTestBanTreaty)

(instance OzoneLayerProtectionProtocol Agreement)

(conventionalLongName "Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer" OzoneLayerProtectionProtocol)

(conventionalShortName "Ozone Layer Protection" OzoneLayerProtectionProtocol)

(conventionalShortName "Montreal Protocol" OzoneLayerProtectionProtocol)

(instance ShipPollutionProtocol Agreement)

(conventionalLongName "Protocol of 1978 Relating to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution From Ships, 1973" ShipPollutionProtocol)

(conventionalShortName "Ship Pollution" ShipPollutionProtocol)
(conventionalShortName "MARPOL" ShipPollutionProtocol)

(instance TropicalTimber83Agreement Agreement)

(conventionalLongName "International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1983" TropicalTimber83Agreement)

(conventionalShortName "Tropical Timber 83" TropicalTimber83Agreement)

(instance TropicalTimber94Agreement Agreement)

(conventionalLongName "International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1994" TropicalTimber94Agreement)

(conventionalShortName "Tropical Timber 94" TropicalTimber94Agreement)

(instance WetlandsConvention Agreement)

(conventionalLongName "Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat" WetlandsConvention)

(conventionalShortName "Wetlands" WetlandsConvention)
(conventionalShortName "Ramsar Convention" WetlandsConvention)

(instance WhalingConvention Agreement)

(conventionalLongName "International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling" WhalingConvention)

(conventionalShortName "Whaling" WhalingConvention)

;;-----------------------------------------------------------------------

;; R. Geography - note
;; [Specific notes made in KIF Country files as needed.]

;;========================================================================


;; II. General Geography Terms and Background
;; 	A. Planet geography & astronomical bodies
;;	B. Directions and distances
;;	C. Land forms
;; 	D. Water areas
;;	   1. Oceans & Seas
;;	   2. Tides & Currents
;;	   3. Water subregions
;;	   4. Fresh water areas
;; 	E. Coastal and shoreline areas
;; 	F. Air and atmosphere
;; 	G. Weather & Climate
;; 	H. Vegetation and biomes
;;	I. Natural disasters

;;-------------------------------------------------------------------------

; A. Planet Geography and Astronomical Bodies

(subclass Star AstronomicalBody)

(documentation Star 
"&%Star is the class of hot gaseous astronomical bodies.")

(instance Sol Star)

(documentation Sol "&%Sol is the nearest &%Star to &%PlanetEarth and 
the focus of its &%SolarSystem.")

(subclass SolarSystem Collection)

(documentation SolarSystem "&%SolarSystem is the class of systems that 
consist of a star or stars and any encircling astronomical bodies.")

(subclass Satellite AstronomicalBody)

(documentation Satellite "&%Satellite is the collection of bodies that 
revolve around some  astronomical body, e.g., planets around a star.  
This class includes both artificial and &%NaturalSatellites.")

(instance orbits BinaryPredicate)
(instance orbits AsymmetricRelation)
(domain orbits 1 Object)
(domain orbits 2 AstronomicalBody)

(documentation orbits "(&%orbits ?SATELLITE ?FOCUS) means that the &%Object 
?SATELLITE revolves around the &%AstronomicalBody ?FOCUS.")

(=>
	(instance ?SAT Satellite)
	(exists (?BODY)
		(and
			(instance ?BODY AstronomicalBody)
			(orbits ?SAT ?FOCUS))))

(subclass NaturalSatellite Satellite)
(subclass NaturalSatellite AstronomicalBody)
(disjoint NaturalSatellite Artifact)

(documentation NaturalSatellite "&%NaturalSatellite is the class of 
large, naturally occurring astronomical bodies orbiting some other 
&%AstronomicalBody.")

(subclass Moon NaturalSatellite)

(documentation Moon "&%Moon is the class of &%NaturalSatellites that 
orbit planets or large asteroids.")

(instance EarthsMoon Moon)
(orbits EarthsMoon PlanetEarth)

(subclass Planet NaturalSatellite)

(documentation Planet "&%Planet is the class of large 
&%NaturalSatellites that revolve around a star.")

(instance PlanetEarth Planet)
(orbits PlanetEarth Sol)
(instance PlanetMercury Planet)
(orbits PlanetMercury Sol)
(instance PlanetVenus Planet)
(orbits PlanetVenus Sol)
(instance PlanetMars Planet)
(orbits PlanetMars Sol)
(instance PlanetJupiter Planet)
(orbits PlanetJupiter Sol)
(instance PlanetSaturn Planet)
(orbits PlanetSaturn Sol)
(instance PlanetNeptune Planet)
(orbits PlanetNeptune Sol)
(instance PlanetUranus Planet)
(orbits PlanetUranus Sol)
(instance PlanetPluto Planet)
(orbits PlanetPluto Sol)

;;---------------------------------

;; Earth location terms

(subclass Hemisphere GeographicArea)

(documentation Hemisphere "&%Hemisphere is the class of &%GeographicAreas 
that are halves of the Earth, as traditionally divided into the Northern 
and Southern Hemispheres along the equator and into the Eastern and Western 
Hemispheres along a north-south line running 20°W and 160°E.")

(=>
	(instance ?AREA Hemisphere)
	(geographicSubregion ?AREA PlanetEarth))

(instance NorthernHemisphere Hemisphere)
(instance SouthernHemisphere Hemisphere)
(instance EasternHemisphere Hemisphere)
(instance WesternHemisphere Hemisphere)

(<=>
   (instance ?HEMISPHERE Hemisphere)
   (or
      (equal ?HEMISPHERE NorthernHemisphere)
      (equal ?HEMISPHERE SouthernHemisphere)
      (equal ?HEMISPHERE EasternHemisphere)
      (equal ?HEMISPHERE WesternHemisphere)))

(=>
	(and
		(overlapsSpatially ?ONE ?TWO)
		(instance ?TWO Region))
	(partlyLocated ?ONE ?TWO))

;; AXIOMS for &%Continent (defined in Merge.txt):
(<=>
   (instance ?CONTINENT Continent)
   (or
      (equal Africa ?CONTINENT)
      (equal NorthAmerica ?CONTINENT)
      (equal SouthAmerica ?CONTINENT)
      (equal Antarctica ?CONTINENT)
      (equal Europe ?CONTINENT)
      (equal Asia ?CONTINENT)
      (equal Oceania ?CONTINENT)))

(=>
	(instance ?AREA Continent)
	(geographicSubregion ?AREA PlanetEarth))

(disjoint Nation Continent)

(documentation Continent "As defined in the CIA World Fact Book, 
&%Continent covers seven land masses: &%Africa, &%NorthAmerica, 
&%SouthAmerica, &%Antarctica, &%Europe, &%Asia, and &%Oceania.  
Note that &%Australia, counted as a continent in some other systems, 
is included in &%Oceania in the Fact Book.  As a consequence, there 
is no &%Nation which is also a &%Continent.")

(instance Africa Continent)
(names "Africa" Africa)
(overlapsSpatially Africa NorthernHemisphere)
(overlapsSpatially Africa SouthernHemisphere)
(geographicSubregion Africa EasternHemisphere)

(instance NorthAmerica Continent)
(geographicSubregion NorthAmerica NorthernHemisphere)
(geographicSubregion NorthAmerica WesternHemisphere)

(instance SouthAmerica Continent)
(names "South America" SouthAmerica)
(overlapsSpatially SouthAmerica NorthernHemisphere)
(overlapsSpatially SouthAmerica SouthernHemisphere)
(geographicSubregion SouthAmerica WesternHemisphere)

(instance Antarctica Continent)
(names "Antarctica" Antarctica)
(geographicSubregion Antarctica SouthernHemisphere)
(overlapsSpatially Antarctica EasternHemisphere)
(overlapsSpatially Antarctica WesternHemisphere)

(names "Europe" Europe)
(geographicSubregion Europe NorthernHemisphere)
(overlapsSpatially Europe EasternHemisphere)
(overlapsSpatially Europe WesternHemisphere)

(instance Asia Continent)
(names "Asia" Asia)
(overlapsSpatially Asia NorthernHemisphere)
(overlapsSpatially Asia SouthernHemisphere)
(geographicSubregion Asia EasternHemisphere)

(instance Oceania Continent)
(instance "Oceania" Oceania)
(overlapsSpatially Oceania NorthernHemisphere)
(overlapsSpatially Oceania SouthernHemisphere)
(overlapsSpatially Oceania EasternHemisphere)
(overlapsSpatially Oceania WesternHemisphere)

(instance ArcticRegion GeographicArea)
(names "Arctic" ArcticRegion)
(names "the Arctic" ArcticRegion)

(geographicSubregion ArcticRegion NorthernHemisphere)
(overlapsSpatially ArcticRegion EasternHemisphere)
(overlapsSpatially ArcticRegion WesternHemisphere)
(overlapsSpatially ArcticOcean ArcticRegion)
(not (vegetationType ArcticRegion BotanicalTree))

(instance Tropics GeographicArea)
(names "Tropics" Tropics)
(names "the Tropics" Tropics)

(documentation Tropics "The &%Tropics is the region of 
&%PlanetEarth that lies between approximately 23 and one half degrees 
&%North latitude and 23 and one half degrees &%South latitude, 
encircling the globe.  'The Tropics'.  See also &%TropicArea.")

(overlapsSpatially Tropics NorthernHemisphere)
(overlapsSpatially Tropics SouthernHemisphere)
(overlapsSpatially Tropics EasternHemisphere)
(overlapsSpatially Tropics WesternHemisphere)

(geographicSubregion Antarctica AntarcticArea)
(instance AntarcticArea GeographicArea)
(subclass AntarcticArea LandArea)
(documentation AntarcticArea "The area below the AntarcticCircle, which is
66 degrees 33 minutes and 38 seconds south latitude.  It is dark
for at least 24 hours at some point during the year, with an
increasing period of yearly continuous darkness as one gets closer
to the South Pole.")

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?REGION GeographicArea)
    (located ?REGION AntarcticArea))
  (exists (?DAY)
    (and
      (instance ?DAY Day)
      (holdsDuring ?DAY
        (not 
          (attribute ?REGION Illuminated))))))

;;-------------------------------------------------------------------------

;; B. Directions and coordinates

(instance oppositeDirection BinaryPredicate)
(instance oppositeDirection SymmetricRelation)
(instance oppositeDirection IrreflexiveRelation)
(domain oppositeDirection 1 PositionalAttribute)
(domain oppositeDirection 2 PositionalAttribute)

(documentation oppositeDirection "(&%oppositeDirection ?DIR1 ?DIR2) 
means that the &%PositionalAttribute ?DIR1 points in the compass 
direction opposite to the &%DirectionalAttribute ?DIR2.")

(oppositeDirection North South)
(oppositeDirection East West)

(=>
	(and
		(orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 ?DIR)
		(instance ?DIR PositionalAttribute)
		(oppositeDirection ?DIR ?OPPDIR))
	(orientation ?OBJ2 ?OBJ1 ?OPPDIR))	

(=>
	(oppositeDirection ?DIR1 ?DIR2)
	(contraryAttribute ?DIR1 ?DIR2))

;; 	Additional Compass Directions:

(instance Northeast DirectionalAttribute)

(documentation Northeast 
"&%Northeast represents the compass direction of Northeast.")

(<=>
	(orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 Northeast)
	(and
		(orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 North)
		(orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 East)))

(instance Southeast DirectionalAttribute)

(documentation Southeast 
"&%Southeast represents the compass direction of Southeast.")

(<=>
	(orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 Southeast)
	(and
		(orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 South)
		(orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 East)))

(instance Southwest DirectionalAttribute)
(oppositeDirection Northeast Southwest)

(documentation Southwest 
"&%Southwest represents the compass direction of Southwest.")

(<=>
	(orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 Southwest)
	(and
		(orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 South)
		(orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 West)))

(instance Northwest DirectionalAttribute)
(oppositeDirection Northwest Southeast)

(documentation Northwest 
"&%Northwest represents the compass direction of Northwest.")

(<=>
	(orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 Northwest)
	(and
		(orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 North)
		(orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 West)))

(instance headingWRTTrueNorth BinaryPredicate)
(instance headingWRTTrueNorth AsymmetricRelation)
(domain headingWRTTrueNorth 1 Object)
(domain headingWRTTrueNorth 2 PlaneAngleMeasure)

(documentation headingWRTTrueNorth "(&%headingWRTTrueNorth ?OBJ ?DEGREE) 
means that the front-to-back axis of the &%Object ?OBJ points in 
the direction ?DEGREE, with respect to true North.")

(instance headingWRTMagneticNorth BinaryPredicate)
(instance headingWRTMagneticNorth AsymmetricRelation)
(domain headingWRTMagneticNorth 1 Object)
(domain headingWRTMagneticNorth 2 PlaneAngleMeasure)

(documentation headingWRTMagneticNorth "(&%headingWRTMagneticNorth ?OBJ ?DEGREE) 
means that the front-to-back axis of the &%Object ?OBJ points in 
the direction ?DEGREE, with respect to magnetic North.")

(instance headingWRTCompassNorth BinaryPredicate)
(instance headingWRTCompassNorth AsymmetricRelation)
(domain headingWRTCompassNorth 1 Object)
(domain headingWRTCompassNorth 2 PlaneAngleMeasure)

(documentation headingWRTCompassNorth "(&%headingWRTCompassNorth ?OBJ ?DEGREE) 
means that the front-to-back axis of the &%Object ?OBJ points in 
the direction ?DEGREE, according to the compass carried by ?OBJ.")

(instance courseWRTTrueNorth TernaryPredicate)
(domain courseWRTTrueNorth 1 Physical)
(domain courseWRTTrueNorth 2 Physical)
(domain courseWRTTrueNorth 3 PlaneAngleMeasure)

(documentation courseWRTTrueNorth 
"(&%courseWRTTrueNorth ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 ?HEADING) means that the course 
heading or track from ?OBJ1 to ?OBJ2 is ?HEADING, in &%AngularDegrees, 
with the reference point of 000 degrees being true North.") 

(<=>
	(courseWRTTrueNorth ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 (MeasureFn 000 AngularDegree))
	(orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 North))

(<=>
	(courseWRTTrueNorth ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 (MeasureFn 090 AngularDegree))
	(orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 East))

(<=>
	(courseWRTTrueNorth ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 (MeasureFn 180 AngularDegree))
	(orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 South))

(<=>
	(courseWRTTrueNorth ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 (MeasureFn 270 AngularDegree))
	(orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 West))

(<=>
	(courseWRTTrueNorth ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 (MeasureFn 360 AngularDegree))
	(orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 North))

(<=>
	(courseWRTTrueNorth ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 (MeasureFn 045 AngularDegree))
	(orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 Northeast))

(<=>
	(courseWRTTrueNorth ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 (MeasureFn 135 AngularDegree))
	(orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 Southeast))

(<=>
	(courseWRTTrueNorth ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 (MeasureFn 225 AngularDegree))
	(orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 Southwest))

(<=>
	(courseWRTTrueNorth ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 (MeasureFn 315 AngularDegree))
	(orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 Northwest))

(instance magneticVariation TernaryPredicate)
(domain magneticVariation 1 GeographicArea)
(domain magneticVariation 2 PlaneAngleMeasure)
(domain magneticVariation 3 DirectionalAttribute)

(documentation magneticVariation 
"(&%magneticVariation ?AREA ?DEGREE ?DIRECTION) means that in the 
&%GeographicArea ?AREA, the magnetic variation of a compass from 
000 degrees true is ?DEGREE &%AngularDegrees in ?DIRECTION (&%East  
or &%West).")

(=>
	(magneticVariation ?AREA ?DEGREE ?DIRECTION)
	(or
		(equal ?DIRECTION East)
		(equal ?DIRECTION West)))

(instance courseWRTMagneticNorth TernaryPredicate)
(domain courseWRTMagneticNorth 1 Physical)
(domain courseWRTMagneticNorth 2 Physical)
(domain courseWRTMagneticNorth 3 PlaneAngleMeasure)

(documentation courseWRTMagneticNorth 
"(&%courseWRTMagneticNorth ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 ?HEADING) means that the course 
heading from ?OBJ1 to ?OBJ2 is ?HEADING in &%AngularDegrees, with 
the reference point of 000 degrees being the magnetic North pole.") 

(=>
	(and
		(courseWRTMagneticNorth ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 ?MAGDEGREE)
		(partlyLocated ?OBJ1 ?AREA)
		(partlyLocated ?OBJ2 ?AREA)
		(magneticVariation ?AREA ?DEGREE ?DIRECTION))
	(exists (?DIFFDEGREE ?TRUEDEGREE)
		(and
			(=>
				(and
					(equal ?DIRECTION East)
					(equal ?DIFFDEGREE (AdditionFn ?MAGDEGREE ?DEGREE)))
				(courseWRTTrueNorth ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 ?TRUEDEGREE))
			(=>
				(and
					(equal ?DIRECTION West)
					(equal ?DIFFDEGREE (SubtractionFn ?MAGDEGREE ?DEGREE)))
				(courseWRTTrueNorth ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 ?TRUEDEGREE)))))

(instance courseWRTCompassNorth TernaryPredicate)
(domain courseWRTCompassNorth 1 Physical)
(domain courseWRTCompassNorth 2 Physical)
(domain courseWRTCompassNorth 3 PlaneAngleMeasure)

(documentation courseWRTCompassNorth 
"(&%courseWRTCompassNorth ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 ?HEADING) means that the course 
heading from ?OBJ1 to ?OBJ2 is ?HEADING in &%AngularDegrees, with 
the reference point of 000 degrees North as measured by compass on  
or at ?OBJ1.") 

(instance relativeBearing TernaryPredicate)
(domain relativeBearing 1 Object)
(domain relativeBearing 2 Object)
(domain relativeBearing 3 PlaneAngleMeasure)

(documentation relativeBearing "(&%relativeBearing ?OBJ1?OBJ2 ?DEGREES) 
means that ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ2 are separated by the amount ?DEGREES of 
&%PlaneAngleMeasure.")

;; Nautical units of measure

(instance Fathom UnitOfMeasure)
(subclass Fathom LengthMeasure)
(names "fathom" Fathom)

(equal (MeasureFn 1 Fathom) (MeasureFn 6 Foot))

(documentation Fathom "&%Fathom is a &%UnitOfMeasure used for measuring 
water depth.  One fathom is equal to six feet.")

(instance NauticalMile UnitOfMeasure)
(subclass NauticalMile LengthMeasure)
(names "nautical mile" NauticalMile)

(documentation NauticalMile "&%NauticalMile represents the international 
unit used for measuring distance in sea and air navigation.  The unit is 
based on the length of a minute of arc of a great circle of 
&%PlanetEarth.")

(equal (MeasureFn 1 NauticalMile) (MeasureFn 6076.1 Foot))
(equal (MeasureFn 1 NauticalMile) (MeasureFn 1852 Meter))

(=>
	(equal ?AMOUNT (MeasureFn ?NUM NauticalMile))
	(equal ?AMOUNT (MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?NUM 1.852) (KiloFn Meter))))
		
(=>
	(equal ?AMOUNT (MeasureFn ?NUM NauticalMile))
	(equal ?AMOUNT (MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?NUM 1.151) Mile)))

(=>
	(instance ?NUM RealNumber)
	(equal (MeasureFn ?NUM NauticalMile)(MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?NUM 1852) Meter)))

(=>
	(instance ?NUM RealNumber)
	(equal (MeasureFn ?NUM NauticalMile)(MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?NUM 1.852)(KiloFn Meter))))

(=>
	(equal ?NUM RealNumber)
	(equal (MeasureFn ?NUM NauticalMile)(MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?NUM 6076.1) Foot)))
	
(=>
	(equal ?NUM RealNumber)
	(equal (MeasureFn ?NUM NauticalMile)(MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?NUM 1.151) Mile)))

(subclass KnotUnitOfSpeed ConstantQuantity)
(instance KnotUnitOfSpeed UnitOfMeasure)
(names "knot" KnotUnitOfSpeed)
(abbreviation "kt" KnotUnitOfSpeed)

(documentation KnotUnitOfSpeed "&%KnotUnitOfSpeed is a unit for measuring 
speed.  One &%KnotUnitOfSpeed is equal to one &%NauticalMile per one 
&%HourDuration.")

(=>
	(equal ?SPEED (SpeedFn (MeasureFn ?DISTANCE NauticalMile)(MeasureFn ?TIME HourDuration)))
	(equal ?SPEED (MeasureFn (DivisionFn ?DISTANCE ?TIME) KnotUnitOfSpeed)))

(=>
	(equal ?SPEED (MeasureFn ?NUM KnotUnitOfSpeed))
	(equal ?SPEED (SpeedFn (MeasureFn ?NUM NauticalMile)(MeasureFn 1 HourDuration))))

;;-------------------------------------------------------------------------

;; C. Land Forms

;; Area measures

;; TERM
(instance SquareMeter UnitOfMeasure)
(subclass SquareMeter AreaMeasure)

(documentation SquareMeter "&%SquareMeter represents a &%UnitOfMeasure 
equal to one square &%Meter.")

(equal (MeasureFn 1 SquareMeter) 
	 (MultiplicationFn (MeasureFn 1 Meter)(MeasureFn 1 Meter)))

(instance SquareUnitFn UnaryFunction)
(domain SquareUnitFn 1 UnitOfMeasure)
(range SquareUnitFn UnitOfMeasure)
(domainSubclass SquareUnitFn 1 ConstantQuantity)
(rangeSubclass SquareUnitFn ConstantQuantity)

(documentation SquareUnitFn "(&%SquareUnitFn ?UNIT) denotes the 
&%UnitOfMeasure that is the square of the &%UnitOfMeasure ?UNIT. 
For example, (&%SquareUnitFn (&%KiloFn &%Meter)) denotes the unit 
of a square kilometer.")

(<=>
	(and
		(instance ?UNIT UnitOfMeasure)
		(equal ?AMOUNT (MeasureFn 1 (SquareUnitFn ?UNIT))))
	(equal ?AMOUNT (MultiplicationFn (MeasureFn 1 ?UNIT) (MeasureFn 1 ?UNIT))))

(equal SquareMeter (SquareUnitFn Meter))
(equal SquareKilometer (SquareUnitFn (KiloFn Meter) (KiloFn Meter)))

(subclass LandForm LandArea)
(documentation LandForm "A &%LandForm is the class of geographically and/or geologically distinct areas that occur on Earth's surface, including mountains, hills, plains, valleys, deltas, and features of submerged land areas such as the ocean floor.")

(subclass UplandArea LandForm)
(documentation UplandArea "An &%UplandArea is a &%LandArea elevated above the surrounding terrain.")

(subclass LowlandArea LandForm)
(documentation LowlandArea "A &%LowlandArea is a land area lower than the surrounding region, and usually level land.")

(subclass UndergroundArea GeographicArea)
(documentation UndergroundArea "The class of regions &%located &%Below the surface of the earth.")

(=>
	(instance ?place UndergroundArea)
	(exists (?area ?ground)
		(and
			(surface ?ground PlanetEarth)
			(part ?area ?ground)
			(orientation ?place ?area Below))))

(=>
	(and
		(instance ?place UndergroundArea)
		(altitude ?place ?alt1)
		(surface ?ground PlanetEarth)
		(part ?area ?ground)
		(orientation ?place ?area Below)
		(altitude ?area ?alt2))
	(greaterThan ?alt2 ?alt1))

(subclass MountainRange LandForm)
(subclass MountainRange UplandArea)
(documentation MountainRange "A &%MountainRange is a row or chain of connected mountains.")
(=>
	(and
		(instance ?Range MountainRange)
		(part ?Mountain1 ?Range))
	(exists (?Mountain2)
		(and
			(component ?Mountain2  ?Range)
			(instance ?Mountain2 Mountain)
			(meetsSpatially ?Mountain1 ?Mountain2))))

(subclass Mountain LandForm)
(subclass Mountain UplandArea)
(documentation Mountain "A &%Mountain is a high, rocky &%LandForm, usually with steep sides and a pointed or rounded top, and higher than a &%Hill.")
(=>
	(instance ?Mountain Mountain)
	(exists (?Incline)
		(and
			(instance ?Incline SlopedArea)
			(attribute ?Incline SteepTerrain)
			(part ?Incline ?Mountain))))

(groundSurfaceType Mountain Rock)
(groundSubsurfaceType Mountain Rock)

(subclass Hill LandForm)
(subclass Hill UplandArea)
(documentation Hill "A &%Hill is a raised part of the earth's surface with sloping sides; an old mountain which because of erosion has  become shorter and more rounded.")
(=>
	(instance ?Hill Hill)
	(exists (?Incline)
		(and
			(instance ?Incline SlopedArea)
			(part ?Incline ?Hill))))

(subclass Volcano LandForm)
(documentation Volcano "A &%Volcano in the broadest sense, i.e., a region containing a vent through which magmous and/or pyroclastic materials are passed from the interior of the Earth to its surface (atmospheric or underwater).")

(subclass VolcanoStatus InternalAttribute)
(instance VolcanicallyActive VolcanoStatus)
(instance VolcanicallyDormant VolcanoStatus)
(instance VolcanicallyExtinct VolcanoStatus)
(contraryAttribute VolcanicallyActive VolcanicallyDormant VolcanicallyExtinct)
(exhaustiveAttribute VolcanoStatus VolcanicallyActive VolcanicallyDormant VolcanicallyExtinct)

(=>
	(instance ?event VolcanicEruption)
	(exists (?volcano)
		(and
			(instance ?volcano Volcano)
			(agent ?event ?volcano))))

(subclass VolcanicMountain Mountain)
(subclass VolcanicMountain Volcano) 
(documentation VolcanicMountain "A &%VolcanicMountain is a cone-shaped mountain formed out of rock or ash thrown up from inside the earth, frequently with an opening or depression at the top.")
	
(subclass VolcanicCone Hill)
(subclass VolcanicCone Volcano)
(documentation VolcanicCone "A &%VolcanicCone is a hill of lava or pyroclastics surrounding a volcanic vent.  Not as high as a &%VolcanicMountain.")
	
(subclass WatershedDivide LandArea)
(subclass WatershedDivide UplandArea)
(documentation WatershedDivide "A &%WatershedDivide is a summit area, or narrow tract of higher ground that constitutes the watershed boundary between two adjacent drainage basins; it divides the surface waters that flow naturally in one direction from those that flow in the opposite direction.") 

(subclass SlopedArea LandForm)
(documentation SlopedArea "A &%SlopedArea is a land surface which lies at an angle to the horizontal so that some points on it are higher than others; a slope.")

(=>
	(instance ?incline SlopedArea)
	(exists (?top ?bottom ?height1 ?height2)
		(and
			(top ?top ?incline)
			(bottom ?bottom ?incline)
			(altitude ?top ?height1)
			(altitude ?bottom ?height2)
			(successorAttributeClosure ?height2 ?height1) ; needed?
			(greaterThan ?height1 ?height2))))
	
(subclass Cliff SlopedArea)
(documentation Cliff "A &%Cliff is any high, very-steep-to-perpendicular or overhanging face of rock or earth; a precipice.")
(=>
	(instance ?cliff Cliff)
	(exists (?slope)
		(and
			(instance ?slope RationalNumber)
			(slopeGradient ?cliff ?slope)
			(greaterThan ?slope 0.60)  	; or more?
			(greaterThan 1.20 ?slope))))	; or less?
	
(subclass Plateau LandForm)
(subclass Plateau UplandArea)
(documentation Plateau "A &%Plateau is a flat upland area with one steep face; elevated plain.")

(=>
	(and
		(instance ?Plateau Plateau)
		(top ?Top ?Plateau))
	(attribute ?Top FlatTerrain))

(=>
	(instance ?plateau Plateau)
	(exists (?slope)
		(and
			(instance ?slope SlopedArea)
			(attribute ?slope SteepTerrain)
			(overlapsSpatially ?slope ?plateau))))
	
(subclass Mesa LandForm)
(subclass Mesa UplandArea)
(documentation Mesa "A &%Mesa is a land formation having a relatively flat top and steep rock walls.")
(=>
	(and
		(instance ?Mesa Mesa)
		(top ?Top ?Mesa))
	(attribute ?Top FlatTerrain))
(=>
	(and
		(instance ?Mesa Mesa)
            (side ?Side ?Mesa))
	(attribute ?Side SteepTerrain))
	
(subclass Butte UplandArea)
(subclass Butte LandForm)
(documentation Butte "A &%Butte is an &%Upland raised sharply from the surrounding region.  Smaller in area than a &%Mesa.")
(=>
	(and
		(instance ?butte Butte)
		(side ?side ?butte))
	(attribute ?side SteepTerrain))
(=>
	(and
		(instance ?butte Butte)
		(top ?top ?butte))
	(attribute ?top FlatTerrain))

(=>
	(and
		(instance ?butte Butte)
		(instance ?mesa Mesa)
		(length ?butte (MeasureFn ?size1 ?unit))
		(length ?mesa (MeasureFn ?size2 ?unit)))
	(> ?size2 ?size1))


(subclass Piedmont LandArea)
(documentation Piedmont "A &%Piedmont is a &%LandArea at the foot of mountains.")
(=> 
    (instance ?piedmont Piedmont)
    (exists (?mountains)
        (and
            (instance ?mountains MountainousTerrain)
            (orientation ?piedmont ?mountains Adjacent))))
                        
(=>
    (and
        (instance ?piedmont Piedmont)
        (attribute ?mountains MountainousTerrain)
        (orientation ?piedmont ?mountains Adjacent)
        (height ?piedmont ?height1)
        (height ?mountains ?height2)
        (successorAttributeClosure ?height1 ?height2))
    (greaterThan ?height2 ?height1))
		
(subclass Plain LandArea)
(subclass Plain LowlandArea)
(documentation Plain "A &%Plain is a broad, flat or gently rolling area, usually low in elevation.")
(=>
	(instance ?plain Plain)
	(attribute ?plain FlatTerrain))
	
(subclass Valley LandForm)
(subclass Valley LowlandArea)
(documentation Valley "A &%Valley is an area of low-lying land flanked by higher ground. Valleys typically contain a stream or river flowing along the valley floor.")
(=>
	(and 
		(instance ?valley Valley)
		(instance ?area LandArea)
		(altitude ?valley ?height1)
		(altitude ?area ?height2)
		(orientation ?valley ?area Adjacent))
	(greaterThan ?height2 ?height1))
	
(subclass Basin LandForm)
(documentation Basin "A &%Basin is an area of land enclosed or partially enclosed by higher land.")
(=>
	(and
		(instance ?basin Basin)
		(instance ?area LandArea)
		(altitude ?basin ?height1)
		(altitude ?area ?height2)
		(orientation ?basin ?area Adjacent))
	(greaterThan ?height2 ?height1))
	
(subclass Canyon LandForm)
(documentation Canyon "A &%Canyon is a narrow valley with steep sides, usually created by erosion.")

(=>
	(instance ?Canyon Canyon)
	(exists (?Hole)
		(hole ?Hole ?Canyon)))
(=>
	(instance ?Canyon Canyon)
	(exists (?Erosion)
            (and
	        (instance ?Erosion Erosion)
	        (result ?Erosion ?Canyon))))

;; Ground and soil types:
(instance groundSurfaceType BinaryPredicate)
(documentation groundSurfaceType "(%&groundSurfaceType ?area ?substance) means that the predominant &%Substance at the ground surface of the &%LandArea ?area is ?substance.")
(domain groundSurfaceType 1 LandArea)
(domainSubclass groundSurfaceType 2 Substance)

(instance groundSubsurfaceType BinaryPredicate)
(documentation groundSubsurfaceType "(&%groundSubsurfaceType ?area ?subsoil) means that the predominant &%Substance in the subsoil or subsurface layer of the &%LandArea ?area is of type ?subsoil.")
(domain groundSubsurfaceType 1 LandArea)
(domainSubclass groundSubsurfaceType 2 Substance)
(=>
	(and
		(instance ?area LandArea)
		(groundSurfaceType ?area ?type1)
		(groundSubsurfaceType ?area ?type2))
	(exists (?above ?belove)
		(and 
			(instance ?above ?type1)
			(instance ?below ?type2)
			(orientation ?above ?below Above))))

(subclass Soil Mixture)
(documentation Soil "&%Soil is a substance composed of fine rock material disintegrated by geological processes, mixed with humus, the organic remains of decomposed vegetation.")
(=>
	(instance ?Soil Soil)
	(exists (?Humus ?Mineral)
		(and
			(instance ?Humus Humus)
			(instance ?Mineral Mineral)
			(part ?Humus ?Soil)
			(part ?Mineral ?Soil))))

(subclass Humus Mixture)
(documentation Humus "&%Humus is decaying organic matter found in &%Soil and derived from dead animal and plant material.")
(=>
	(instance ?Humus Humus)
	(exists (?Soil)
		(and
			(instance ?Soil Soil)
			(part ?Humus ?Soil))))

(subclass SoilSolution Solution)
(documentation SoilSolution "&%SoilSolution is the liquid component of soils, which is largely water containing a number of mineral substances in solution, as well as comparatively large amounts of dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide.")
(=>
	(instance ?Solution SoilSolution)
	(exists (?Soil)
		(and
			(instance ?Soil Soil)
			(part ?Solution ?Soil))))

(subclass Clay Soil)
(documentation Clay "Fine-grained soil consisting of mineral particles, not necessarily clay minerals, that are less than 0.002 mm in their maximum dimension.") 

(=>
	(and
		(part ?Particle ?Soil)
		(instance ?Soil Clay)
		(diameter ?Particle (MeasureFn ?Size Centimeter)))
	(greaterThan 0.0002 ?Size))

(subclass Loam Soil)
(documentation Loam "Type of soil intermediate in texture between clay and sand, consisting of a mixture of clay, sand, gravel, silt, and organic matter.")
(=>
	(instance ?Loam Loam)
	(exists (?Clay ?Sand ?Gravel ?Silt ?Organic)
		(and
			(instance ?Clay Clay)
			(piece ?Clay ?Loam)
			(instance ?Gravel Gravel)
			(piece ?Gravel ?Loam)
			(instance ?Silt Silt)
			(piece ?Silt ?Loam)
			(instance ?Organic BodySubstance)
			(piece ?Organic ?Loam))))

(=>
	(and
		(instance ?area GeographicArea)
		(groundSurfaceType ?area Loam))
	(attribute ?area FertileTerrain))

(subclass Sand Soil)
(documentation Sand "&%Sand is loose fragments of minerals or rocks. Smaller than gravel and larger than silt and clay, sand particles range from 8/10,000 to 8/100 inch (0.02 to 2 millimeters) in diameter. &%Sand is formed by the &%Erosion of rocks through the action of water, ice, or air.")


(subclass Silt Soil)
(documentation Silt "&%Silt is sand or earth which is carried along by flowing water and deposited at a bend in a river or at a river's opening.") 

(=>
	(and
		(part ?Particle ?Soil)
		(instance ?Soil Sand)
		(diameter ?Particle (MeasureFn ?Size Centimeter)))
	(and
		(greaterThan ?Size 0.00002)
		(greaterThan 0.005 ?Size)))

(subclass Gravel Rock)
(documentation Gravel "&%Gravel is small rounded stones, often mixed with sand.")

(subclass Rock Substance)
(documentation Rock "&%Rock is any naturally formed aggregate of one or more minerals, consolidated or not, with some degree of mineralogic and chemical constancy; in popular use the term is usually restricted to those aggregates that are hard, compact, and coherent.") 

(=>
	(instance ?Rock Rock)
	(attribute ?Rock Solid))

(=>
	(instance ?Rock Rock)
	(exists (?Mineral)
		(and
			(instance ?Mineral Mineral)
			(part ?Mineral ?Rock))))

(=>
	(and
		(instance ?area GeographicArea)
		(groundSurfaceType ?area Rock))
	(not (attribute ?area FertileTerrain)))
	
(subclass Stone Rock)
(documentation Stone "A &%Stone is any small fragment of rock or mineral matter.")

;(=>
;	(instance ?Stone Stone)
;	(relativeSize ?Stone Small Rock))

(subclass Salt CompoundSubstance)
(documentation Salt "A &%Salt is a chemical substance which is a combination of a metal or a base with an acid.") 

;;-------------------------------------------------------------------------

;; D. Water Areas
;;	   1. Oceans & Seas
;;	   2. Tides & Currents
;;	   3. Water Subregions
;;	   4. Fresh Water Areas

;; Defined in Merge.txt: 
;;	WaterArea, StreamWaterArea, SaltWaterArea, and FreshWaterArea

;;	1. Oceans & Seas

(subclass BodyOfWater WaterArea)
(subclass BodyOfWater SelfConnectedObject)

(documentation BodyOfWater "A &%BodyOfWater is a connected body of 
water with established boundaries marked by either geographical features 
or conventional borders.")

(instance WorldOcean SaltWaterArea)
(instance WorldOcean BodyOfWater)
(names "world ocean" WorldOcean)
(names "the ocean" WorldOcean)

(documentation WorldOcean "The &%WorldOcean is the collective mass of 
sea water that covers 70% of the surface of &%PlanetEarth, surrounding 
all of its dry land areas.  Earth's individual &%Oceans are parts of 
the &%WorldOcean.")

(=>
	(instance ?AREA Continent)
	(meetsSpatially ?AREA WorldOcean))

(subclass Ocean SaltWaterArea)
(subclass Ocean BodyOfWater)

(documentation Ocean "&%Ocean is the class containing the oceans 
that are the major subdivisions of the &%WorldOcean.  According to 
the International Hydrographic Association, there are five oceans: 
the &%AtlanticOcean, &%PacificOcean, &%IndianOcean, &%SouthernOcean, 
and &%ArcticOcean.  Note: The largest oceans, the Atlantic and Pacific, 
are subdivided into Northern and Southern regions, but those regions 
are not separate &%Oceans.")

(=>
	(and
		(instance ?WATER BodyOfWater)
		(not (instance ?WATER Ocean))
		(instance ?OCEAN Ocean))
	(larger ?OCEAN ?water)) 

(=>
	(instance ?OCEAN Ocean)
	(properPart ?OCEAN WorldOcean))

(instance AtlanticOcean Ocean)
(names "Atlantic Ocean" AtlanticOcean)

(documentation AtlanticOcean "&%AtlanticOcean represents the Atlantic 
Ocean.")

(instance NorthAtlanticOcean SaltWaterArea)
(instance NorthAtlanticOcean BodyOfWater)
(names "North Atlantic Ocean" NorthAtlanticOcean)
(names "North Atlantic" NorthAtlanticOcean)

(geographicSubregion NorthAtlanticOcean AtlanticOcean)
(geographicSubregion NorthAtlanticOcean NorthernHemisphere)
(geographicSubregion NorthAtlanticOcean WesternHemisphere)

(documentation NorthAtlanticOcean 
"&%NorthAtlanticOcean denotes the northern &%geographicSubregion 
of the &%AtlanticOcean.")

(instance SouthAtlanticOcean SaltWaterArea)
(instance SouthAtlanticOcean BodyOfWater)
(names "South Atlantic Ocean" SouthAtlanticOcean)
(names "South Atlantic" SouthAtlanticOcean)

(geographicSubregion SouthAtlanticOcean AtlanticOcean)
(geographicSubregion SouthAtlanticOcean SouthernHemisphere)
(partlyLocated SouthAtlanticOcean WesternHemisphere)
(partlyLocated SouthAtlanticOcean EasternHemisphere)

(documentation SouthAtlanticOcean 
"&%SouthAtlanticOcean denotes the southern &%geographicSubregion 
of the &%AtlanticOcean.")

(instance PacificOcean Ocean)
(names "Pacific Ocean" PacificOcean)

(documentation PacificOcean "&%PacificOcean represents the Pacific  
Ocean.")

(instance NorthPacificOcean SaltWaterArea) 
(instance NorthPacificOcean BodyOfWater)
(names "North Pacific Ocean" NorthPacificOcean)
(names "North Pacific" NorthPacificOcean)

(geographicSubregion NorthPacificOcean PacificOcean)
(geographicSubregion NorthPacificOcean NorthernHemisphere)
(partlyLocated NorthPacificOcean EasternHemisphere)
(partlyLocated NorthPacificOcean WesternHemisphere)

(documentation NorthPacificOcean 
"&%NorthPacificOcean denotes the northern &%geographicSubregion 
of the &%PacificOcean.")

(instance SouthPacificOcean SaltWaterArea)
(instance SouthPacificOcean BodyOfWater)
(names "South Pacific Ocean" SouthPacificOcean)
(names "South Pacific" SouthPacificOcean)

(geographicSubregion SouthPacificOcean PacificOcean)
(geographicSubregion SouthPacificOcean SouthernHemisphere)
(partlyLocated SouthPacificOcean EasternHemisphere)
(partlyLocated SouthPacificOcean WesternHemisphere)

(documentation SouthPacificOcean 
"&%SouthPacificOcean denotes the southern &%geographicSubregion 
of the &%PacificOcean.")

(instance IndianOcean Ocean)
(names "Indian Ocean" IndianOcean)

(documentation IndianOcean "&%IndianOcean represents the Indian Ocean.")

(connected IndianOcean SouthPacificOcean)
(connected IndianOcean PersianGulf)
(connected IndianOcean SouthernOcean)

(instance ArcticOcean Ocean)
(names "Arctic Ocean" IndianOcean)

(documentation ArcticOcean "&%ArcticOcean represents the Arctic Ocean.")

(geographicSubregion ArcticOcean NorthernHemisphere)
(partlyLocated ArcticOcean EasternHemisphere)
(partlyLocated ArcticOcean WesternHemisphere)

(=>
	(and
		(instance ?SEA Ocean)
		(not (equal ?SEA ArcticOcean)))
	(smaller ArcticOcean ?SEA))

(instance SouthernOcean Ocean)
(names "Southern Ocean" SouthernOcean)

(documentation SouthernOcean "&%SouthernOcean represents the Southern 
Ocean.")

(geographicSubregion SouthernOcean SouthernHemisphere)
(partlyLocated SouthernOcean EasternHemisphere)
(partlyLocated SouthernOcean WesternHemisphere)

(totalArea SouthernOcean (MeasureFn 20327000 SquareKilometer))
(objectGeographicCoordinates (GeographicCenterFn SouthernOcean)
	(LatitudeFn South (MeasureFn 65 AngularDegree)(MeasureFn 0 ArcMinute))
	(LongitudeFn East (MeasureFn 0 AngularDegree)(MeasureFn 0 ArcMinute)))
(length (ShorelineFn SouthernOcean Antarctica) (MeasureFn 17968 (KiloFn Meter)))
(comparativeArea SouthernOcean greaterThan 2 UnitedStates)
(naturalHazardTypeInArea SouthernOcean CyclonicStorm)
(naturalHazardTypeInArea SouthernOcean Iceberg)
(naturalHazardTypeInArea SouthernOcean SeaIce)
(instance SouthernOcean PolarClimateZone)

(elevation (ElevationHighPointFn SouthernOcean) (MeasureFn 0 Meter))
(elevation (ElevationLowPointFn SouthernOcean) (MeasureFn -7235 Meter))

(instance SouthSandwichTrench Hole)
(geographicSubregion SouthSandwichTrench SouthernOcean)

(instance AntarcticCircumpolarCurrent WaterMotion)
(located AntarcticCircumpolarCurrent SouthernOcean)

(=>
  (and
    (origin AntarcticCircumpolarCurrent ?START) 
    (destination AntarcticCircumpolarCurrent ?FINISH))
  (distance ?START ?FINISH (MeasureFn 21000 (KiloFn Meter))))

(instance OpenSea Attribute)

(documentation OpenSea "&%OpenSea is the &%Attribute of a &%WaterArea 
that is open ocean beyond five &%NauticalMiles of land, also known as 
'blue water'.")

(<=>
	(attribute ?WATER OpenSea)
	(forall (?LAND)
		(and
			(instance ?AREA SaltWaterArea)
			(not (instance ?WATER LandlockedWater))
			(distance ?LAND ?WATER ?DIST)
			(greaterThan ?DIST (MeasureFn 5 NauticalMile)))))

(subclass Iceberg Water) 

;(subclass Iceberg (ExtensionFn Solid))

(documentation Iceberg "An &%Iceberg is a large chunk of ice that has 
broken off from a glacier and fallen into the sea.  The larger part of 
an &%Iceberg floats underwater.")

(=>
	(instance ?BERG Iceberg)
	(exists (?SHEET)
		(and
			(instance ?SHEET Glacier)
			(holdsDuring (ImmediatePastFn (WhenFn ?BERG)) (material ?BERG ?SHEET)))))

;;----------------------------------

(subclass Sea SaltWaterArea)
(subclass Sea BodyOfWater)

(documentation Sea "&%Sea is the class of smaller subdivisions of 
the &%WorldOcean, typically partially surrounded by land.  However, 
for inland salt water bodies that are sometimes called 'Sea', see 
&%SaltLake.")

(=>
	(and
		(instance ?SEA Sea)
		(top ?TOP ?SEA))
	(elevation ?TOP SeaLevel (MeasureFn 0 Meter)))

(=>
	(and
		(instance ?SEA Sea)
		(top ?TOP ?SEA))
	(elevation ?TOP SeaLevel (MeasureFn 0 Foot)))

(=>
	(instance ?SEA Sea)
	(properPart ?SEA WorldOcean))

(=>
	(instance ?SEA Sea)
	(exists (?OCEAN ?PATH)
		(and
			(instance ?OCEAN Ocean)
			(instance ?PATH WaterArea)
			(connects ?PATH ?OCEAN ?SEA))))

(=>
	(instance ?SEA Sea)
	(exists (?LAND)
		(and
			(instance ?LAND LandArea)
			(meetsSpatially ?LAND ?SEA))))

(instance MediterraneanSea Sea)
(instance CaribbeanSea Sea)
(instance BlackSea Sea)
(instance RedSea Sea)
(meetsSpatially Egypt RedSea)
(meetsSpatially Sudan RedSea)
(meetsSpatially Eritrea RedSea)
(meetsSpatially SaudiArabia RedSea)

(instance BeringSea Sea)
(instance BalticSea Sea)
(instance ArabianSea Sea)
(instance NorthSea Sea)
	
;; Sea Level

(instance SeaLevel GeographicArea)
(documentation SeaLevel "&%SeaLevel designates the global Mean Sea Surface (MSS).  Note that &%SeaLevel represents a &%GeographicArea that comprises all the local Mean Sea Level (MSL) areas used as references for measuring altitude.  In fact, there are local variations in MSL, due to tides and long- and short-term weather conditions.")

;Since there are local variations in MSL, &%SeaLevel exhibits local variations from an imaginary level reference ellipsoid called the geoid.
; the level of the surface of the sea relative to the land, halfway between high and low tide, used as a standard in calculating elevation. The reference is not precise, as sea level varies by region as well as by tide." assoc. with "sea level"


(altitude SeaLevel (MeasureFn 0 Meter))

(=>
	(and
		(instance ?ocean Ocean)
		(surface ?top ?ocean))
	(altitude ?top (MeasureFn 0 Meter)))
	
(=>
	(and
		(instance ?ocean Ocean)
		(surface ?top ?ocean))
	(altitude ?top (MeasureFn 0 Foot)))


(instance meanSeaLevel BinaryPredicate)
(documentation meanSeaLevel "(&%meanSeaLevel ?place ?measure) means that the Mean Sea Level (MSL) at ?place is ?measure.  ?measure is a &%distance representing the sea level at ?place measured against a benchmark (and averaged over a long time).  MSL is measured by tide gauges for maritime purposes, while geodesists use the difference between the local sea surface and an ideal level ocean surface (the geoid).")
(domain meanSeaLevel 1 GeographicArea)
(domain meanSeaLevel 2 LengthMeasure)

; See http://www.pol.ac.uk/psmsl/puscience/index.html#2.

(instance DatumFn UnaryFunction)
(domain DatumFn GeographicArea)
(range DatumFn LengthMeasure)
(documentation DatumFn "(&%DatumFn ?place) denotes the point of MLLW (Mean Lower Low Water) used as the initial data point for a coastal or &%WaterArea given on a nautical chart.  High and low tides are calculated with reference to this point.")

;;----------------------------------

;;	2. Tides & Currents

(subclass FlowRegion SelfConnectedObject)
(subclass FlowRegion (ExtensionFn Fluid))

(documentation FlowRegion "&%FlowRegion is a class of things whose 
boundaries are relatively stable but whose constitutive &%material is continuously moving through the region itself and being replaced by 
other, similar material.  Each &%FlowRegion is constituted by a stream 
of matter moving as a whole.  A &%FlowRegion may be liquid or gaseous.  
A wind may be considered as a &%Process or as a &%FlowRegion, similarly 
an OceanCurrent or a &%WaterWave.  The motion process associated with a 
&%FlowRegion F is denoted by (&%FlowFn F).  Note that certain 
properties belong to the &%FlowRegion itself (e.g., mass, length, volume, 
temperature, and speed or velocity of the region moving as a whole), 
while other properties of interest belong to the &%Motion of its 
constitutive stuff (e.g., velocity, direction).  The motion of 
a &%FlowRegion as a whole (e.g., &%JetStream moves within the atmosphere) 
is distinguished from the motion of the &%pieces of stuff constituting the 
&%FlowRegion.  See &%FlowFn and &%FlowRegionFn.")

(=>
	(instance ?FLUID FlowRegion)
	(attribute ?FLUID Fluid))

(instance FlowFn UnaryFunction)
(domain FlowFn 1 FlowRegion)
(range FlowFn Motion)

(documentation FlowFn "(&%FlowFn ?FLUID) denotes the &%Motion process
associated with the constitutive &%pieces of the &%FlowRegion ?FLUID.")

(=>
	(and
		(measure (FlowFn ?FLUID) (SpeedFn ?LENGTH ?TIME))
		(piece ?PART ?FLUID))
	(piece ?PART (SpeedFn ?LENGTH ?TIME)))

(=>
	(and
		(measure (FlowFn ?FLUID) (MeasureFn ?NUM KnotUnitOfSpeed))
		(piece ?PART ?FLUID))
	(piece ?PART (MeasureFn ?NUM KnotUnitOfSpeed)))

(=> 
	(and
		(measure (FlowFn ?FLUID) (VelocityFn ?LENGTH ?TIME ?REGION ?DIRECTION))
		(piece ?PART ?FLUID))
	(measure ?PART (VelocityFn ?LENGTH ?TIME ?REGION ?DIRECTION)))

; if a flow at place x is moving downstream at y mph, then in 1 hr, the constitutive stuff that was at x will be located at a distance y miles downstream from x.  Ditto for things moving in, on, or with the flow. 

; a thing moving place x upstream against a flow of y mph, with its own speed of z mph, will be able to travel no more than z-y miles upstream from x in 1 hour

(instance FlowRegionFn UnaryFunction)
(domain FlowRegionFn 1 LiquidMotion)
(range FlowRegionFn Region)

(documentation FlowRegionFn "(&%FlowRegionFn ?FLOW) denotes the region 
in which the coherent &%LiquidMotion process ?FLOW is occurring.")

(subclass WaterCurrent FlowRegion)
(subclass WaterCurrent WaterArea)

(documentation WaterCurrent "&%WaterCurrent is a subclass of &%FlowRegions 
consisting of moving water, especially those currents found within a 
well-identified area and having an established pattern of movement, such 
as an &%OceanCurrent, a &%RipTide, or a &%River.  &%WaterCurrent is 
&%disjoint with &%StaticWaterArea.  As a consequence, &%Lakes for example 
cannot be &%FlowRegions; however, currents may be present in a lake.")

(disjoint WaterCurrent StaticWaterArea)
(subclass StreamWaterArea FlowRegion)

(subclass WaterWave Water)
	
(documentation WaterWave "A &%WaterWave is a raised ridge of water 
moving along the surface of a body of water.  The &%WaterWave moves 
in a direction approximately transverse to the crest line of the wave.  
The wave is constituted of successive regions of water, which do not 
travel in the direction of the wave or with it, but rather up and down,
which is perpendicular to the wave motion.")

(subclass Tide FlowRegion)
(subclass Tide SaltWaterArea)

(documentation Tide "A &%Tide is a vertical movement of the water level 
in a &%BodyOfWater due to the gravitational attraction between Earth and 
the moon.  Tides are diurnally recurrent events.  In most regions with 
tides, every day there are two high tides and two low tides.  &%MixedTide 
represents a process in which the tides at either extreme are unequal.")

(subclass TidalProcess InternalChange)

(documentation TidalProcess "&%TidalProcess is the class of daily 
recurring events in which the water level in a &%BodyOfWater rises 
and falls with the changing position between Earth and the Moon.")

(=>
	(and
		(instance ?LOW LowTide)
		(instance ?HIGH HighTide)
		(exactlyLocated ?LOW ?PLACE)
		(exactlyLocated ?HIGH ?PLACE)
		(instance ?DAY Day)
		(overlapsTemporally ?LOW ?DAY)
		(overlapsTemporally ?HIGH ?DAY))
	(exists (?AMOUNT1 ?AMOUNT2)
		(and
			(holdsDuring ?LOW (waterDepth ?PLACE ?AMOUNT1))
			(holdsDuring ?HIGH (waterDepth ?PLACE ?AMOUNT2))
			(greaterThan ?AMOUNT2 ?AMOUNT1))))

(subclass LowTide TidalProcess)

(documentation LowTide "&%LowTide is the class of &%TidalProcesses that 
occur twice a day in marine waters, in which the water level falls below 
the mean sea level.")

(subclass LowerLowTide LowTide)

(documentation LowTide "&%LowerLowTide is the subclass of &%LowTide 
processes that occur in marine waters with a &%MixedTideProcess.")

(subclass HighTide TidalProcess)

(documentation HighTide "&%HighTide is the class of &%TidalProcesses that 
occur twice a day in marine waters, in which the water level rises above 
the mean sea level.")

(subclass HigherHighTide HighTide)

(documentation HigherHighTide "&%HigherHighTide is the subclass of 
&%HighTide processes that occur in marine waters with a 
&%MixedTideProcess.")

(subclass MixedTideProcess TidalProcess)

(documentation MixedTideProcess "&%MixedTideProcess is the subclass of 
&%TidalProcesses consisting of daily cycles in which the two low and 
two high tides are of unequal height.  In areas with this kind of 
pattern, the chart (based on average low water) is determined by the 
Mean Lower Low Water.")

(instance highTide TernaryPredicate)
(domain highTide 1 Region)
(domainSubclass highTide 2 TimeInterval)
(domainSubclass highTide 3 LengthMeasure)

(documentation highTide "(&%highTide ?PLACE ?TIME ?AMOUNT) means that 
there is a &%HighTide at the &$Region ?PLACE at the &%TimeInterval ?TIME 
with the relative height ?AMOUNT.  The height is given in relation to 
the datum on a standard chart.")

(instance lowTide TernaryPredicate)
(domain lowTide 1 Region)
(domainSubclass lowTide 2 TimeInterval)
(domainSubclass lowTide 3 LengthMeasure)

(documentation lowTide "(&%lowTide ?PLACE ?TIME ?AMOUNT) means that 
there is a &%LowTide at the &$Region ?PLACE at the &%TimeInterval ?TIME 
with the relative height ?AMOUNT.  The height is given in relation to 
the datum on a standard chart.")

(=>
	(and
		(lowTide ?PLACE ?TIME1 ?AMOUNT1)
		(highTide ?PLACE ?TIME2 ?AMOUNT2)
		(instance ?DAY Day)
		(overlapsTemporally ?TIME1 ?DAY)
		(overlapsTemporally ?TIME2 ?DAY))
	(greaterThan ?AMOUNT1 ?AMOUNT2))

(subclass LittoralCurrent WaterCurrent)

(documentation LittoralCurrent "&%LittoralCurrent is the subclass of 
&%WaterCurrents that occur near a &%ShoreArea.  Examples include 
&%TidalEbb, &%TidalFlow, and &%RipCurrents.")

(subclass TidalFlow LittoralCurrent)

(documentation TidalFlow "&%TidalFlow is the subclass of &%WaterCurrents 
that are temporary and variable, but regular, currents of ocean water 
flowing landward up to and during the time of high tide.  Alternating 
with &%TidalEbb.")

(subclass TidalEbb LittoralCurrent)

(documentation TidalEbb "&%TidalEbb is the subclass of &%WaterCurrents 
that are temporary and variable, but regular, currents of ocean water 
flowing seaward up to and during the time of low tide.  Alternating with 
&%TidalFlow.")

(subclass TidalBore LittoralCurrent)

(documentation TidalBore "A &%TidalBore is an unusally high, fast tidal 
inflow from the sea, resulting from a high volume of water rushing from 
a wide-mouthed bay or &%Estuary into narrower landward areas.")

(subclass RipCurrent LittoralCurrent)

(documentation RipCurrent "A &%RipCurrent is a fast narrow surface current 
that flows seaward from a &%ShoreArea.") 

; upstream for a RipCurrent is away from the ShoreArea
; found near ShoreArea
; dangerous to people in the water (not in boats) 


;;-----------------------------------
;;	   3. Water Subregions

(subclass LandlockedWater BodyOfWater)

(documentation LandlockedWater "&%LandlockedWater includes water 
areas that are surrounded by land, including salt lakes, fresh 
water lakes, ponds, reservoirs, and (more or less) wetlands.")

; need a way to say that the body of water is surrounded by land (e.g., perimeter)

(subclass SaltLake SaltWaterArea)
(subclass SaltLake LandlockedWater)
(documentation SaltLake "&%SaltLake is the class of landlocked 
bodies of salt water, including those referred to as 'Seas', e.g., 
the &%CaspianSea.  But note that the &%MediterraneanSea is a &%Sea.")

(instance CaspianSea SaltLake)
(names "Caspian Sea" CaspianSea)
(instance AralSea SaltLake)
(names "Aral Sea" AralSea)
(instance GreatSaltLake SaltLake)
(names "Great Salt Lake" GreatSaltLake)
(geographicSubregion GreatSaltLake Utah)
(instance Utah AmericanState)
(instance DeadSea SaltLake)
(names "Dead Sea" DeadSea)
(instance SaltonSea SaltLake)
(names "Salton Sea" SaltonSea)
(geographicSubregion SaltonSea California)
(instance LakeEyre SaltLake)
(names "Lake Eyre" LakeEyre)
(geographicSubregion LakeEyre Australia)
(instance KokoNor SaltLake)
(names "Koko Nor" KokoNor)
(names "Qinghai Hu" KokoNor)
(instance LakeBakhtegan SaltLake)
(names "Lake Bakhtegan" LakeBakhtegan)
(instance PoopoLake SaltLake)
(names "Poopo Lake" PoopoLake)
(instance LakeMareotis SaltLake)
(names "Lake Mareotis" LakeMareotis)
(names "Lake Maryut" LakeMareotis)
(instance LakeWalker SaltLake)
(names "Lake Walker" LakeWalker)
(instance LakeTorrens SaltLake)
(names "Lake Torrens" LakeTorrens)

(subclass Gulf BodyOfWater)
(subclass Gulf SaltWaterArea)

(documentation Gulf "&%Gulf is the class of extensions of a &%Sea or 
&%Ocean that reach into a land mass or are partially enclosed by a 
&%LandArea.  A &%Gulf is typically larger than a &%Bay.")

(=>
	(instance ?GULF Gulf)
	(exists (?SEA)
		(and
		     (or	
			(instance ?SEA Sea)
			(instance ?SEA Ocean))
		     (connected ?GULF ?SEA))))

(=>
	(instance ?GULF Gulf)
	(exists (?WATER)
		(and
			(instance ?WATER SaltWaterArea)
			(properPart ?GULF ?WATER))))
(=>
	(and
		(instance ?GULF Gulf)
		(instance ?BAY Bay))
	(larger ?GULF ?BAY))

(instance PersianGulf Gulf)
(instance PersianGulf SaltWaterArea)
(names "Persian Gulf" PersianGulf)
(connected PersianGulf StraitOfHormuz)
(meetsSpatially Iran PersianGulf)

(instance GulfOfOman Gulf)
(instance GulfOfOman SaltWaterArea)
(names "Gulf of Oman" GulfOfOman)
(connected StraitOfHormuz GulfOfOman)
(connected GulfOfOman ArabianSea)
(meetsSpatially Iran GulfOfOman)
(meetsSpatially Oman GulfOfOman)

(instance GulfOfAden Gulf)
(instance GulfOfAden SaltWaterArea)
(names "Gulf of Aden" GulfOfAden)
(connected RedSea GulfOfAden)
(connected GulfOfAden ArabianSea)
(meetsSpatially Yemen GulfOfAden)
(meetsSpatially Somalia GulfOfAden)

(subclass Estuary BodyOfWater)
(subclass Estuary SaltWaterArea)
(subclass Estuary Inlet)

(documentation Estuary "&%Estuary is the subclass of &%BodyOfWater that 
represents &%WaterAreas where a sea or ocean &%Tide meets a &%River 
current.")

(=>
	(instance ?WATER Estuary)
	(exists (?SEA)
		(and
			(instance ?SEA SaltWaterArea)
			(part ?SEA WorldOcean)
			(connected ?SEA ?WATER))))

(=>
	(instance ?WATER Estuary)
	(exists (?RIVER)
		(and
			(instance ?RIVER River)
			(flows ?RIVER ?ESTUARY))))

(=>
	(instance ?WATER Estuary)
	(exists (?MOUTH)
		(and
			(instance ?MOUTH RiverMouth)
			(overlapsSpatially ?MOUTH ?ESTUARY))))

(=>
	(instance ?WATER Estuary)
	(exists (?TIDES)
		(and
			(instance ?TIDES TidalProcess)
			(located ?TIDES ?WATER))))

;----------------------------------

(subclass Inlet BodyOfWater)

(documentation Inlet "&%Inlet is the class of bays or other recesses 
into the shore of a lake, sea, or river; includes &%NarrowInlets, which 
are passages leading from open water through some barrier to a bay or 
lagoon.")

(=>
	(instance ?INLET Inlet)
	(exists (?LAND)
		(and
			(instance ?LAND LandArea)
			(penetrates ?INLET ?LAND))))
(=>
	(instance ?INLET Inlet)
	(exists (?WATER)
		(and
			(instance ?WATER WaterArea)
			(connected ?INLET ?WATER))))
(=>
	(and
		(instance ?INLET Inlet)
		(meetsSpatially ?INLET ?WATER)
		(instance ?WATER SaltWaterArea))
	(instance ?INLET SaltWaterArea))
(=>
	(and
		(instance ?INLET Inlet)
		(meetsSpatially ?INLET ?WATER)
		(instance ?WATER FreshWaterArea))
	(instance ?INLET FreshWaterArea))

(subclass InletPassage Inlet)

(documentation InletPassage "&%InletPassage is the class of water 
passages connecting an area of open water to a bay or lagoon, through 
some land barrier(s) close on either side.")

(subclass Bay Inlet)  ; note may occur in Oceans or in Lakes

(documentation Bay "&%Bay is the class of extensions of a body of water 
(salt or fresh) that reach into the land; usually smaller than a 
&%Gulf.")

(subclass Cove Inlet)

(documentation Cove "A &%Cove is a small part of a body of water that 
reaches into a coast.")

(=>
	(and
		(instance ?COVE Cove)
		(instance ?BAY Bay))
	(larger ?BAY ?COVE))

;;----------------------------------

(subclass Sound BodyOfWater)

(documentation Sound "A &%Sound is a long, relatively narrow waterway 
lying along the shore of a land mass and protected from open water by 
another land area, an island or group of islands.  Some sounds open at 
both ends into the same body of water (e.g., Long Island Sound), while 
others connect two different bodies of water (e.g., Melville Sound).  
A &%Sound may occur in salt or fresh water bodies.  Generally wider than 
a &%Strait.")

(=>
	(connects ?BETWEEN ?END1 ?END2)
	(not (equal ?END1 ?END2)))

(subclass Strait BodyOfWater)

(documentation Strait "&%Strait is the class of narrow water areas that 
connect two larger bodies of water.")

(=>
	(instance ?strait Strait)
	(exists (?body1 ?body2)
		(and
			(instance ?body1 BodyOfWater)
			(instance ?body2 BodyOfWater)
			(connects ?strait ?body1 ?body2))))
(=>
	(and
		(instance ?body1 BodyOfWater)
		(instance ?body2 BodyOfWater)
		(connects ?strait ?body1 ?body2))
	(larger ?body1 ?strait))

(instance StraitOfHormuz Strait)
(instance StraitOfHormuz SaltWaterArea)
(names "Strait of Hormuz" StraitOfHormuz)

(subclass Channel BodyOfWater)

(documentation Channel "A &%Channel is a narrow deep waterway connecting 
two larger bodies of water.  May be natural or dredged, salt or fresh 
water.")

(=>
	(instance ?CHANNEL Channel) 
	(exists (?WATER1 ?WATER2)
		(and
			(instance ?WATER1 WaterArea)
			(instance ?WATER2 WaterArea)
			(connects ?CHANNEL ?WATER1 ?WATER2))))

(=>
	(and
		(instance ?CHANNEL Channel) 
		(instance ?BODY BodyOfWater)
		(connected ?CHANNEL ?BODY))
	(larger ?BODY ?CHANNEL))

;;-----------------------------------

;; 4. Fresh Water Areas

(subclass InlandWaterSystem WaterArea)
(subclass InlandWaterSystem Collection) 

(documentation InlandWaterSystem "An instance of &%InlandWaterSystem 
comprises two or more lakes or rivers, canals, or other waterways that  
are interconnected.")

(=>
	(instance ?SYSTEM InlandWaterSystem)
	(exists (?BODY1 ?BODY2)
		(and
			(instance ?BODY1 BodyOfWater)
			(instance ?BODY2 BodyOfWater)
			(not (equal ?BODY1 ?BODY2))
			(geographicSubregion ?BODY1 ?SYSTEM)
			(geographicSubregion ?BODY2 ?SYSTEM))))
;(=>
;	(and
;		(instance ?SYSTEM InlandWaterSystem)
;		(instance ?BODY1 BodyOfWater)
;		(instance ?BODY2 BodyOfWater)
;		(not (equal ?BODY1 ?BODY2))
;		(not (connected ?BODY1 ?BODY2))
;		(part ?BODY1 ?SYSTEM)
;		(part ?BODY2 ?SYSTEM))
;	(exists (?WATER)
;		(and
;			(instance ?WATER WaterArea) 
;			(between ?BODY1 ?WATER ?BODY2))))
	
; really want something more precise (Links correspond to waterways)
;(=>
;	(and
;		(instance ?SYSTEM InlandWaterSystem)
;		(geographicSubregion ?lake1 ?SYSTEM)
;		(geographicSubregion ?lake2 ?SYSTEM))
;	("generically connected" ?lake1 ?lake2 "by water"))

(=>
	(and
		(instance ?SYSTEM InlandWaterSystem)
		(instance ?WATER1 WaterArea)
		(instance ?WATER2 WaterArea)
		(not (equal ?WATER1 ?WATER2))
		(not (connected ?WATER1 ?WATER2))
		(geographicSubregion ?WATER1 ?SYSTEM)
		(geographicSubregion ?WATER2 ?SYSTEM))
	(exists (?WATER3)
		(and
			(instance ?WATER3 WaterArea)
			(not (equal ?WATER3 ?WATER1))
	 		(not (equal ?WATER3 ?WATER1))
			(part ?WATER3 ?system)
			(connects ?WATER3 ?WATER1 ?WATER2))))

;;------------------------------------

(subclass LakeRegion GeographicArea)

(documentation LakeRegion "A &%LakeRegion is a &%GeographicArea 
including land surrounding one or more &%Lakes.")

(=>
	(instance ?REGION LakeRegion)
	(exists (?LAKE)
		(and
			(instance ?LAKE Lake)
			(located ?LAKE ?REGION))))
	
;;-----------------------------------

; StreamWaterArea is defined in Merge.kif (see def.)

(=>
	(instance ?STREAM StreamWaterArea)
	(exists (?WATER)
		(and 
			(instance ?WATER BodyOfWater)
			(not (equal ?WATER ?STREAM))
			(flows ?STREAM ?WATER))))

(instance flows BinaryPredicate)
(instance flows AsymmetricRelation)
(instance flows TransitiveRelation)
(domain flows 1 (ExtensionFn Fluid))	
(domain flows 2 (ExtensionFn Fluid))	
(domain flows 1 Physical)
(domain flows 2 Physical)
(subrelation tributary flows)
(subrelation flows connected)

(documentation flows "(&%flows ?FLUID1 ?FLUID2) means that the 
&%Physical ?FLUID1 moves towards the &%Physical ?FLUID2, to which 
it is &%connected.")

(=>
	(flows ?FLUID1 ?FLUID2)
	(connected ?FLUID1 ?FLUID2))

(=>
	(flows ?FLUID1 ?FLUID2)
	(orientation ?FLUID1 ?FLUID2 Upstream))

; (=>
;	(and
;		(flows ?STREAM ?WATER)
;		(origin ?STREAM ?SOURCE) ; bogus - domain 1 violation
;			(orientation ?WATER ?SOURCE ?DIRECTION))
;	(downstream ?STREAM ?DIRECTION))

(instance Upstream PositionalAttribute)

(instance Downstream PositionalAttribute)
(oppositeDirection Upstream Downstream)

(instance connectedDownstream BinaryPredicate)
(domain connectedDownstream 1 Object)
(domain connectedDownstream 2 Object)

(documentation connectedDownstream "(&%connectedDownstream ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) 
means that ?OBJ1 is connected, remotely or immediately, with ?OBJ2 along 
a directed system such as a &%RiverSystem.")

;;-----------------------------------

(subclass River StreamWaterArea)
(subclass River FreshWaterArea)
(subclass River BodyOfWater)

(documentation River "&%River is the class of large streams of fresh 
water flowing through land into a lake, ocean, or other body of water.")

; current, direction, upstream and downstream
; rivers flow from higher elevation to lower elevation areas.

;;----------------------------------

(subclass StreamWaterConfluence WaterArea)

(documentation StreamWaterConfluence "A &%StreamWaterConfluence is the 
place where a stream or other tributary joins a river.")

(=>
	(instance ?FORK StreamWaterConfluence)
	(exists (?STREAM1 ?STREAM2)
		(and
			(instance ?STREAM1 StreamWaterArea)
			(instance ?STREAM2 StreamWaterArea)
			(flows ?STREAM1 ?STREAM2))))

(=>
	(instance ?FORK StreamWaterConfluence)
	(exists (?STREAM ?BRANCH)
		(and
			(instance ?STREAM River)
			(instance ?BRANCH StreamWaterArea)
			(flows ?BRANCH ?STREAM)
			(connects ?FORK ?STREAM ?BRANCH))))

;;----------------------------------

(subclass RiverSystem WaterArea)
(subclass RiverSystem Collection)

(documentation RiverSystem "A &%RiverSystem comprises all the tributary 
streams and rivers (&%StreamWaterAreas) that drain along converging 
paths into the main river of the system, which discharges into a 
&%StaticWaterArea.")	; or a larger river ?

(=>
	(instance ?SYSTEM RiverSystem)
	(exists (?RIVER)
		(and
			(instance ?RIVER River)
			(part ?RIVER ?SYSTEM))))

(=>
	(instance ?SYSTEM RiverSystem)
	(exists (?RIVER ?STATIC)
		(and
			(instance ?RIVER River)
			(part ?RIVER ?SYSTEM)
			(instance ?STATIC StaticWaterArea)
			(connected ?RIVER ?STATIC))))

(=>
	(and
		(instance ?SYSTEM RiverSystem)
		(instance ?STREAM StreamWaterArea)
		(part ?STREAM ?SYSTEM))
	(exists (?RIVER)
		(and	
			(instance ?RIVER River)
			(part ?RIVER ?SYSTEM)
			(flows ?STREAM ?RIVER))))	; fix this.

;;-----------------------------------------------------------------------

(subclass Waterfall StreamWaterArea)

(documentation Waterfall 
"&%Waterfall is the subclass of &%StreamWaterAreas where running water 
falls steeply downhill.")

(instance flowCurrent BinaryPredicate)
(documentation flowCurrent "The relation between &%WaterMotion &%Processes
and the region in which they occur continuously over at least hours, but
typically months or years.  A water balloon bursting and flowing downhill
would not use this relation, because there would be no &%StreamWaterArea
to relate to.")
(domain flowCurrent 1 WaterMotion)
(domain flowCurrent 2 WaterArea)

(=>
	(and
		(instance ?FALL Waterfall)
		(instance ?CURRENT WaterMotion)
		(flowCurrent ?CURRENT ?FALL)
		(origin ?CURRENT ?TOP)
		(destination ?CURRENT ?BOTTOM)
		(instance ?TOP WaterArea)
		(instance ?BOTTOM WaterArea))
	(orientation ?TOP ?BOTTOM Above))

;;-----------------------------------------------------------------------

; water-related artifacts:

(subclass Canal Waterway)

(documentation Canal "&%Canal is the subclass of navigable &%Waterways 
flowing through an artificial course.  Typically, a canal is a 
&%Transitway connecting two bodies of water.")

(=>
	(instance ?CHANNEL Canal) 
	(exists (?WATER1 ?WATER2)
		(and
			(instance ?WATER1 WaterArea)
			(instance ?WATER2 WaterArea)
			(connects ?CHANNEL ?WATER1 ?WATER2))))

(subclass CanalStructure StationaryArtifact)

(documentation CanalStructure "A &%CanalStructure is the constructed 
framework, including &%Locks, that contains the waters of a &%Canal.")

(subclass Dam StationaryArtifact)

(documentation Dam "&%Dam is the subclass of &%StationaryArtifacts that 
are walls built across a stream or river to hold back water.")

(=>
	(instance ?DAM Dam)
	(exists (?RIVER)
		(and
			(instance ?RIVER WaterArea)
			(traverses ?DAM ?River))))

(subclass Reservoir FreshWaterArea)
(subclass Reservoir Artifact)

(documentation Reservoir "A &%Reservoir is an artifically made (or 
artifically enlarged) holding area where water is collected and stored 
for future use.")

(subclass ReservoirLake Lake)
(subclass ReservoirLake Reservoir)
(documentation Reservoir
 "A &%ReservoirLake is an artifically made (or artifically enlarged) 
lake used for water collection and storage.")  

;;--------------------------------

(subclass Rapids StreamWaterArea)

(documentation Rapids "&%Rapids is the class of &%WaterAreas that are 
parts of a &%StreamWaterArea where the currents move swiftly over 
rocks.")

(=>
	(instance ?RAPIDS Rapids)
	(exists (?RIVER)
		(and
			(instance ?RIVER River)
			(part ?RAPIDS ?RIVER))))

(=>
	(and
		(instance ?RAPIDS Rapids)
		(bottom ?BOTTOM ?Rapids))
	(exists (?ROCK)
		(and
			(instance ?ROCK Rock)
			(part ?ROCK ?BOTTOM))))

(subclass RiverMouth WaterArea)
(subclass RiverMouth StreamWaterArea)

(documentation RiverMouth "&%RiverMouth is the subclass of &%WaterAreas 
that are the outfalls of a river or stream into another body of water.")

(=>
	(and
		(instance ?RIVER River)
		(instance ?WATER BodyOfWater)
		(flows ?RIVER ?WATER))
	(exists (?MOUTH)
		(and
			(instance ?MOUTH RiverMouth)
			(streamOutfall ?MOUTH ?RIVER)
			(connected ?MOUTH ?WATER)))) 

(subrelation streamOutfall properPart)
(domain streamOutfall 1 WaterArea)
(domain streamOutfall 2 River)

(documentation streamOutfall "(&%streamOutfall ?WATER ?RIVER) means that  
the &%WaterArea ?MOUTH is the outfall of the &%River ?RIVER.")

(=>
	(streamOutfall ?MOUTH ?RIVER)
	(exists (?WATER)
		(and
			(instance ?WATER WaterArea)
			(flows ?RIVER ?WATER)
			(connected ?MOUTH ?WATER))))

(subclass IrrigationChannel Artifact)
(documentation IrrigationChannel "&%IrrigationChannel is the class of 
artificially created channels used for transporting water to agricultural 
fields for &%Irrigating crops.")

(subclass Irrigating Motion)	; Translocation (in Transportation)

(documentation Irrigating "&%Irrigating is the process of transporting 
and applying water to crops by artificial means.")

(=>
	(and
		(instance ?IRRIGATION Irrigating)
		(patient ?IRRIGATION ?Area)
		(instance ?AREA LandArea))
	(and
		(holdsDuring (ImmediatePastFn (WhenFn ?IRRIGATION)) (attribute ?AREA Dry)) 
		(holdsDuring (ImmediateFutureFn (WhenFn ?IRRIGATION)) (attribute ?AREA Damp))))

(=>
	(and
		(instance ?IRRIGATION Irrigating)
		(patient ?IRRIGATION ?AREA)
		(instance ?AREA LandArea))
	(hasPurpose ?IRRIGATION (attribute ?AREA FertileTerrain)))

(subclass Lake StaticWaterArea)

(documentation Lake "&%Lake is the subclass of &%BodyOfWater whose 
instances are naturally occurring static bodies of water surrounded 
by land.")

(=>
	(and 
		(instance ?LAKE Lake)
		(instance ?OCEAN Ocean))
	(smaller ?LAKE ?OCEAN))

;;-----------------------------------------------------------------------

;; 	E. Coastal and Shoreline Areas

(subclass CoastalPlain Plain)

(documentation CoastalPlain "&%CoastalPlain is the class of broad plains 
areas adjacent to a &%Sea or &%Ocean.  A coastal plain includes a narrower 
&%ShoreArea adjacent to a body of water.")

(=>
	(instance ?plain CoastalPlain)
	(exists (?shore)
		(and
			(instance ?shore ShoreArea)
			(part ?shore ?plain))))
       
(subclass RiverBank ShoreArea)
(subclass RiverBank LandForm)

(documentation RiverBank "A &%RiverBank is the &%ShoreArea adjacent to a river.")

(=>
	(instance ?bank RiverBank)
	(exists (?river)
		(and
			(instance ?river River)
			(meetsSpatially ?river ?bank))))

(subclass LittoralZone GeographicArea)

(documentation LittoralZone "A &%LittoralZone is an area along the shore 
of a large body of water, especially an &%Ocean or &%Sea, including the area 
extending from the high tide mark out to a depth of 200 meters.  The littoral 
zone is of interest for its land features, e.g., slope gradient and soil 
composition, including features of its &%SubmergedLandArea.")  

(subclass Delta LandForm)

(documentation Delta "A &%Delta is a &%LandForm composed of silt or other 
alluvium,  deposited at or near the mouth of a river or stream as it enters 
a body of relatively static water.  Typically a delta is flat and fan-shaped.")

(=>
	(instance ?Delta Delta)
	(exists (?Mouth)
		(and
			(instance ?Mouth RiverMouth)
			(meetsSpatially ?Mouth ?Delta))))

(=>
	(instance ?Delta Delta)
	(attribute ?Delta FlatTerrain))

(subclass Peninsula LandForm)

(documentation Peninsula "A &%Peninsula is a piece of land that extends 
into a body of water and is surrounded on three sides by water.  Typically 
connected by an &%Isthmus or neck of land that is narrower than its main 
portion (contrast with &%Cape).")

(=>
	(instance ?Peninsula Peninsula)
	(exists (?Water)
		(and
			(instance ?Water WaterArea)
			(penetrates ?Peninsula ?Water))))

(subclass Cape LandForm)

(documentation Cape "A &%Cape is a piece of land projecting into a body of water.")

(=>
	(instance ?Cape Cape)
	(exists (?WaterRegion)
		(and
			(instance ?WaterRegion WaterArea)
			(penetrates ?Cape ?WaterRegion))))

(subclass Isthmus LandArea)

(documentation Isthmus "An &%Isthmus is a narrow strip of land that 
connects two larger land masses and is bordered on two sides by water.")

(=>
	(and
		(instance ?Isthmus Isthmus)
		(side ?Leftside ?Isthmus)
		(side ?Rightside ?Isthmus)
            (not (equal ?Leftside ?Rightside)))
	(exists (?Region1 ?Region2 ?Water1 ?Water2)
		(and
			(instance ?Region1 LandArea)
			(instance ?Region2 LandArea)
			(between  ?Region1 ?Isthmus ?Region2)
			(instance ?Water1 WaterArea)
			(instance ?Water2 WaterArea)
			(meetsSpatially ?Leftside ?Water1)
			(meetsSpatially ?Rightside ?Water2))))

(disjoint Island LandlockedArea) 
       	
(subclass Archipelago LandForm)
(subclass Archipelago Collection)
(documentation Archipelago "An &%Archipelago is a group of islands.")
(=>
	(and
		(instance ?Archipelago Archipelago)
		(component ?Part ?Archipelago))
	(instance ?Part Island))

(subclass ArchipelagicArea GeographicArea)

(documentation ArchipelagicArea "An &%ArchipelagicArea is a &%GeographicArea 
including an &%Archipelago and the surrounding &%WaterArea.")

(=>
	(instance ?area ArchipelagicArea)
	(exists (?islands)
		(and
			(instance ?islands Archipelago)
			(located ?islands ?area))))

(subclass Reef LandForm)

(documentation Reef "A &%Reef is a ridge of rock, coral, or sand at or near 
the surface of a &%WaterArea.") 

(=>
	(instance ?Reef Reef)
	(exists (?Water)
		(and
			(instance ?Water WaterArea)
			(orientation ?Reef ?Water Near))))

(=>
	(instance ?Reef Reef)
      (exists (?Stuff)
           (and
                (or
                     (instance ?Stuff Sand)
                     (instance ?Stuff Rock)
			   (instance ?Stuff Coral))
                (part ?Stuff ?Reef))))

(subclass Coral Invertebrate)

(documentation Coral "Corals are gastrovascular marine cnidarians (phylum 
Cnidaria; class Anthozoa) existing as small anemone-like polyps, typically 
forming colonies of many individuals.  The group includes the important 
reef builders known as hermatypic corals, found in tropical oceans, and 
belonging to the subclass Zoantharia of order Scleractinia (formerly 
Madreporaria).  The hermatypic corals obtain much of their nutrient 
requirement from symbiotic unicellular algae called zooxanthellae, and so 
are dependent upon growing in sunlight.  As a result, these corals are 
usually found not far beneath the surface, although in clear waters corals 
can grow at depths of 60 m (200 ft).  Corals breed by spawning, with all 
corals of the same species in a region releasing gametes simultaneously 
over a period of one to several nights around a full moon. (from Wikipedia)") 

(subclass CoralReef Reef)

(documentation CoralReef "&%CoralReef is the subclass of &%Reefs that are 
formed from living organisms that produce the limestone formations of the 
reef.  Coral reefs include fringing reefs, barrier reefs, and &%Atolls.")

(=>
  (instance ?REEF CoralReef)
  (exists (?CORAL)
    (and
      (instance ?CORAL Coral)
      (part ?CORAL ?REEF))))
   

(subclass Atoll CoralReef)

(documentation Atoll "&%Atoll is the class of &%CoralReefs which surround 
a lagoon.")

(subclass Glacier LandForm) 

(documentation Glacier "A &%Glacier is a large body of slow-moving ice.  
Glaciers displace soil and rock while moving over land surfaces and break 
apart, forming &%Icebergs, when they reach the sea.")

(=>
  (instance ?Glacier Glacier)
  (exists (?Water)
    (and
      (instance ?Water Water)
      (attribute ?Water Solid)
      (part ?Ice ?Glacier))))

(subclass Cave Hole)
(subclass Cave GeographicArea)

(documentation Cave "A &%Cave is a naturally formed opening beneath 
the surface of the Earth, generally formed by dissolution of carbonate 
bedrock. Caves may also form by erosion of coastal bedrock, partial 
melting of glaciers, or solidification of lava into hollow tubes.")

(=>
	(instance ?Cave Cave)
	(exists (?Erosion)
	     (and
	          (instance ?Erosion Erosion)
		  (result ?Erosion ?Cave))))

(subclass CaveMatrix LandForm)

(documentation CaveMatrix "A &%CaveMatrix is the framework of earth or 
rock in which a &%Cave is embedded.")

(=>
	(instance ?cave Cave)
	(exists (?land)
		(and
			(instance ?land CaveMatrix)
			(hole ?cave ?land))))
                        
(=>
	(and
		(instance ?land CaveMatrix)
		(instance ?cave Cave)
		(hole ?cave ?land))
	(equal ?land (HoleSkinFn ?cave)))

(subclass SubmergedLandArea GeographicArea)

(documentation SubmergedLandArea "&%SubmergedLandArea is the class of land 
regions that are located beneath bodies of water.")

(=>
	(instance ?LAND SubmergedLandArea)
	(exists (?WATER)
		(and
			(instance ?WATER WaterArea)
			(orientation ?LAND ?WATER Below)
			(orientation ?WATER ?LAND On)
			(meetsSpatially ?LAND ?WATER))))

(subclass ContinentalShelf SubmergedLandArea)

(documentation ContinentalShelf "A &%ContinentalShelf is a natural 
undersea extension of land around a &%Continent.  The shelf is a 
gently sloped (average less than one percent) plain that is an extension 
of the &%CoastalPlain found off the coast of most continents.")

(subclass ContinentalMargin SubmergedLandArea)

(documentation ContinentalMargin "&%ContinentalMargin is class of 
&%SubmergedLandAreas that are the extension of land underwater at 
the edge of a continent, before a drop to the sea floor.  A  
&%ContinentalMargin includes the &%ContinentalShelf and the 
continental break, slope, or rise at the outer edge.")

(=>
	(instance ?SHELF ContinentalShelf)
	(exists (?MARGIN) 
		(and
			(instance ?MARGIN ContinentalMargin) 
			(properPart ?SHELF ?MARGIN)
			(overlapsSpatially ?SHELF ?MARGIN))))

(subclass SeabedArea SubmergedLandArea)

(documentation SeabedArea 
"&%SeabedArea is the class of &%SubmergedLandAreas that are part of 
the sea floor.")

(instance SeacoastFn UnaryFunction)
(domain SeacoastFn 1 GeographicArea)
(domain SeacoastFn 2 SaltWaterArea)
(range SeacoastFn Seacoast)

(documentation SeacoastFn "(&%SeacoastFn ?LAND ?SEA) denotes the 
&%Seacoast where the &%GeographicArea ?LAND borders the &%SaltWaterArea 
?SEA.")

(subclass Seacoast ShoreArea)
(subclass Seacoast LandForm)

(documentation Seacoast "A &%Seacoast is the &%ShoreArea along the 
margin of an ocean, extending inland approximately 1-3 km from the low 
water mark.")

(=>
	(and
		(instance ?COAST Seacoast)
		(instance ?WATER WaterArea)
		(orientation ?WATER ?COAST Adjacent))
	(instance ?WATER SaltWaterArea))

(subclass Shoreline LandArea)

(documentation Shoreline "&%Shoreline is the class of &%LandAreas that 
are the edge of a larger land mass abutting a bordering &%WaterArea.")

(=>
	(instance ?LINE Shoreline)
	(exists (?WATER)
		(and
			(instance ?WATER WaterArea)
			(meetsSpatially ?WATER ?LINE))))

(=>
	(instance ?SHORE ShoreArea)
	(exists (?LINE)
		(and
			(instance ?LINE Shoreline)
			(part ?LINE ?SHORE))))

(=>
	(and
		(instance ?SHORE ShoreArea)
		(instance ?WATER WaterArea)
		(orientation ?SHORE ?WATER Adjacent))
	(exists (?LINE)
		(and
			(instance ?LINE Shoreline)
			(part ?LINE ?SHORE)
			(meetsSpatially ?LINE ?WATER))))

(=>
	(meetsSpatially ?X ?Y)
	(orientation ?X ?Y Adjacent))

(instance ShorelineFn BinaryFunction)
(domain ShorelineFn 1 GeographicArea)
(domain ShorelineFn 2 WaterArea)
(range ShorelineFn LandArea)

(documentation ShorelineFn "(&%ShorelineFn ?LAND ?WATER) denotes 
the &%Shoreline where the &%GeographicArea ?LAND borders the 
&%WaterArea ?WATER.")

(subrelation ShorelineFn BorderFn)

;;-------------------------------------------------------------------------

;; 	F. Air and Atmosphere

;; &%altitude: Object x Object x LengthMeasure is defined in Merge.txt.

;; 	F. Air and atmosphere

(subclass Atmosphere Region)
(subclass Atmosphere (ExtensionFn Fluid))

(documentation Atmosphere "&%Atmosphere is a mixture of gases 
surrounding any celestial object that has a gravitational field 
strong enough to prevent the gases from escaping.") 

(=>
	(instance ?AIR Atmosphere)
	(exists (?BODY)
		(and
			(instance ?BODY AstronomicalBody)
			(meetsSpatially ?AIR ?BODY))))

(instance EarthsAtmosphere Atmosphere)

(subclass AtmosphericRegion GeographicArea)

(documentation AtmosphericRegion "&%AtmosphericRegion is the class of 
all subregions of &%EarthsAtmosphere.")

(=>
	(instance ?AIRSPACE AtmosphericRegion)
	(part ?AIRSPACE EarthsAtmosphere))

(=>
	(instance ?AIR Air)
	(piece ?AIR EarthsAtmosphere))

(=>
	(instance ?AIRSPACE AtmosphericRegion)
	(exists (?AIR)
		(and
			(instance ?AIR Air)
			(part ?AIR ?AIRSPACE))))

(=>
	(instance ?AIR Air)
	(exists (?PART)
		(and 
		     (instance ?PART Oxygen)
		     (part ?PART ?AIR))))

(=>
	(instance ?AIR Air)
	(exists (?PART)
		(and 
		     (instance ?PART Nitrogen)
		     (part ?PART ?AIR))))

(subclass AirStream FlowRegion)	
(subclass AirStream Air)

(documentation AirStream 
"&%AirStream is the class of &%FlowRegions that consist of air.")

(subclass JetStream AirStream)

(documentation JetStream "&%JetStream is the class of high-velocity 
&%AirStreams that blow constantly in the upper atmosphere with constant 
speed and direction, though their location shifts somewhat.  There are 
four &%JetStreams in &%EarthsAtmosphere.")

(subclass Wind AirStream)

(documentation Wind "&%Wind is the class of variable &%AirStreams 
that occur in &%EarthsAtmosphere.")

(=>
	(instance ?BLOW Wind)
	(located ?BLOW EarthsAtmosphere))

;; Measures of wind characteristics:

(instance surfaceWindVelocity TernaryPredicate)
(domain surfaceWindVelocity 1 Object)
(domain surfaceWindVelocity 2 PhysicalQuantity)
(domain surfaceWindVelocity 3 DirectionalAttribute)

(documentation surfaceWindVelocity 
"(&%surfaceWindVelocity ?PLACE ?SPEED ?TOWARD) means that the 
surface &%Wind blowing at ?PLACE has a speed of ?SPEED and is moving 
toward the &%DirectionalAttribute ?TOWARD.  Surface wind is found at the 
surface of the planet; everyday wind.  Technically, &%Winds moving 
through the atmosphere up to an altitude of 500 feet.")

(=>
	(and
		(surfaceWindVelocity ?PLACE (SpeedFn ?DIST ?TIME) ?DIRECTION)
		(instance ?PLACE Region))
	(exists (?BLOW)
		(and
			(instance ?BLOW Wind)
			(partlyLocated ?BLOW ?PLACE)
			(measure ?BLOW (VelocityFn ?DIST ?TIME ?PLACE ?DIRECTION)))))

(=>
	(and
		(instance ?PLACE Object)
		(instance ?BLOW Wind)
		(measure ?BLOW (VelocityFn ?DIST ?TIME ?PLACE ?DIRECTION)))
	(surfaceWindVelocity ?PLACE (SpeedFn ?DIST ?TIME) ?DIRECTION))

(instance surfaceWindSpeed BinaryPredicate)
(domain surfaceWindSpeed 1 Object)
(domain surfaceWindSpeed 2 PhysicalQuantity)  

(documentation surfaceWindSpeed "(&%surfaceWindSpeed ?PLACE ?RATE) 
means that the speed of the surface &%Wind at the &%GeographicArea 
?PLACE is ?RATE. Wind speed may be expressed in knots (&%KnotUnitOfSpeed) 
or as any distance per time unit (using (&%SpeedFn ?DISTANCE ?TIME)).  
Surface wind is found at the surface of the planet; everyday wind.  
Technically, &%Winds moving through the atmosphere up to an altitude 
of 500 feet.")

(=>
	(surfaceWindVelocity ?PLACE ?SPEED ?DIRECTION)
	(surfaceWindSpeed ?PLACE ?SPEED))

(=>
	(and
		(instance ?ZEPHYR Wind)
		(instance ?PLACE Object)
		(partlyLocated ?ZEPHYR ?PLACE)
		(measure ?ZEPHYR (SpeedFn ?DIST ?TIME)))
	(surfaceWindSpeed ?PLACE (SpeedFn ?DIST ?TIME)))

(=>
	(and
		(instance ?ZEPHYR Wind)
		(instance ?PLACE Object)
		(partlyLocated ?ZEPHYR ?PLACE)
		(measure ?ZEPHYR (MeasureFn ?SPEED KnotUnitOfSpeed)))
	(surfaceWindSpeed ?PLACE (MeasureFn ?SPEED KnotUnitOfSpeed)))

(instance surfaceWindDirection BinaryPredicate)
(domain surfaceWindDirection 1 Object)
(domain surfaceWindDirection 2 DirectionalAttribute)

(documentation surfaceWindDirection 
"(&%surfaceWindDirection ?PLACE ?DIRECTION) means that at ?PLACE 
the wind is coming from the compass point ?DIRECTION.  For example, 
(&%surfaceWindDirection &%SanFranciscoBay &%Northwest) means that the 
wind in San Francisco Bay is coming from the Northwest.  The wind is 
within 500 feet of Earth's surface.")

(=>
	(surfaceWindDirection ?PLACE ?DIR)
	(exists (?WIND ?FROM)
		(and
			(instance ?WIND Wind)
			(instance ?FROM Region)
			(partlyLocated ?WIND ?PLACE)
			(origin ?WIND ?FROM)
			(orientation ?FROM ?PLACE ?DIR))))

(=>
	(and
		(surfaceWindVelocity ?PLACE ?SPEED ?DIR-TOWARD)
		(oppositeDirection ?DIR-TOWARD ?DIR-FROM))
	(surfaceWindDirection ?PLACE ?DIR-FROM))

(=>
	(and
		(instance ?ZEPHYR Wind)
		(measure ?ZEPHYR (VelocityFn ?DIST ?TIME ?PLACE ?DIR-TOWARD))
		(oppositeDirection ?DIR-TOWARD ?DIR-FROM))
	(surfaceWindDirection ?PLACE ?DIR-FROM))

(instance lowAltitudeWindVelocity BinaryPredicate)
(domain lowAltitudeWindVelocity 1 Object)
(domain lowAltitudeWindVelocity 2 PhysicalQuantity)
(domain lowAltitudeWindVelocity 3 DirectionalAttribute)

(documentation lowAltitudeWindVelocity 
"(&%lowAltitudeWindVelocity ?PLACE ?SPEED ?DIRECTION) means that the 
low-altitude &%Wind blowing at ?PLACE has a speed of ?SPEED and comes 
from the compass point ?DIRECTION.  Low-altitude wind is wind blowing 
between 500-10,000 feet.")

(instance lowAltitudeWindSpeed BinaryPredicate)
(instance lowAltitudeWindSpeed AsymmetricRelation)
(domain lowAltitudeWindSpeed 1 Object)
(domain lowAltitudeWindSpeed 2 PhysicalQuantity)

(documentation lowAltitudeWindSpeed 
"(&%lowAltitudeWindSpeed ?PLACE ?RATE) means that the &%Wind blowing 
between 500-10,000 feet at ?PLACE has a speed of ?RATE. &%Wind speed 
may be expressed in knots (&%KnotUnitOfSpeed) or as any distance per 
time unit (using (&%SpeedFn ?DISTANCE ?TIME)).")

(=>
	(lowAltitudeWindVelocity ?PLACE ?SPEED ?DIRECTION)
	(lowAltitudeWindSpeed ?PLACE ?SPEED))

(instance mediumAltitudeWindVelocity BinaryPredicate)
(domain mediumAltitudeWindVelocity 1 Object)
(domain mediumAltitudeWindVelocity 2 PhysicalQuantity)
(domain mediumAltitudeWindVelocity 3 DirectionalAttribute)

(documentation mediumAltitudeWindVelocity 
"(&%mediumAltitudeWindVelocity ?PLACE ?SPEED ?TOWARD) means that the 
&%Wind blowing between 10,000-25,000 feet at ?PLACE has a speed of 
?SPEED and is moving toward the &%DirectionalAttribute ?TOWARD.")

(instance mediumAltitudeWindSpeed BinaryPredicate)
(instance mediumAltitudeWindSpeed AsymmetricRelation)
(domain mediumAltitudeWindSpeed 1 Object)
(domain mediumAltitudeWindSpeed 2 ConstantQuantity)

(documentation mediumAltitudeWindSpeed 
"(&%mediumAltitudeWindSpeed ?PLACE ?RATE) means that the &%Wind 
blowing between 10,000-25,000 feet at ?PLACE has a speed of ?RATE.")

(=>
	(mediumAltitudeWindVelocity ?PLACE ?SPEED ?DIRECTION)
	(mediumAltitudeWindSpeed ?PLACE ?SPEED))

(instance highAltitudeWindVelocity BinaryPredicate)
(domain highAltitudeWindVelocity 2 PhysicalQuantity)
(domain highAltitudeWindVelocity 3 DirectionalAttribute)

(documentation highAltitudeWindVelocity 
"(&%highAltitudeWindVelocity ?PLACE ?SPEED ?TOWARD) means that the 
&%Wind blowing above 25,000 feet at ?PLACE has a speed of ?SPEED 
and is moving toward the &%DirectionalAttribute ?TOWARD.")

(instance highAltitudeWindSpeed BinaryPredicate)
(instance highAltitudeWindSpeed AsymmetricRelation)
(domain highAltitudeWindSpeed 1 Object)
(domain highAltitudeWindSpeed 2 ConstantQuantity)

(documentation highAltitudeWindSpeed 
"(&%highAltitudeWindSpeed ?PLACE ?RATE) means that the &%Wind 
blowing above 25,000 feet at ?PLACE has a speed of ?RATE.")

(=>
	(highAltitudeWindVelocity ?PLACE ?SPEED ?DIRECTION)
	(highAltitudeWindSpeed ?PLACE ?SPEED))

(instance Upwind PositionalAttribute)
(subAttribute Upwind Upstream)

(documentation Upwind 
"&%Upwind is a &%PositionalAttribute that indicates relative position 
upwind (windward) with respect to the direction that the &%Wind is 
blowing.")

(instance Downwind PositionalAttribute)
(subAttribute Downwind Downstream)

(documentation Downwind 
"&%Downwind is a &%PositionalAttribute that indicates relative position 
downwind (leeward) with respect to the direction that the &%Wind is 
blowing.")

(instance windRelativePosition BinaryPredicate)
(instance windRelativePosition AsymmetricRelation)
(domain windRelativePosition 1 Object)
(domain windRelativePosition 2 Attribute)

(documentation windRelativePosition 
"(&%windRelativePosition ?OBJECT ?POSITION) means that the &%Wind blows 
at ?OBJECT from the relative vector ?POSITION.  E.g., &%Crosswind, 
&%Headwind, &%Tailwind.")

(instance Crosswind Attribute)

(documentation Crosswind "&%Crosswind is the relative attribute of a 
&%Wind to an object when the force of the wind is applied to a lateral 
&%side of the object.")

(instance Headwind Attribute)

(documentation Headwind "&%Headwind is the relative attribute of a 
&%Wind to an object when the force of the wind is applied to the front 
of the object (&%FrontFn).  A headwind can negatively affect the speed 
capability of a vehicle.")

(instance Tailwind Attribute)

(documentation Tailwind "&%Tailwind is the relative attribute of a 
&%Wind to an object when the force of the wind is applied to the back  
of the object (&%BackFn).  A tailwind can positively affect the speed 
capability of a vehicle.")

(subclass BeaufortNumber UnitOfMeasure)

(documentation BeaufortNumber "&%BeaufortNumber is the class of 
values on the Beaufort Scale for indicating wind force, according 
to classifications based on observable weather conditions and later 
related to wind speed ranges.")

(=>
	(and
		(instance ?BN BeaufortNumber)
		(attribute ?OBJECT ?BN))
	(instance ?OBJECT Wind))

(instance BeaufortNumberOne BeaufortNumber)
(instance BeaufortNumberTwo BeaufortNumber)
(successorAttribute BeaufortNumberOne BeaufortNumberTwo)
(instance BeaufortNumberThree BeaufortNumber)
(successorAttribute BeaufortNumberTwo BeaufortNumberThree)
(instance BeaufortNumberFour BeaufortNumber)
(successorAttribute BeaufortNumberThree BeaufortNumberFour)
(instance BeaufortNumberFive BeaufortNumber)
(successorAttribute BeaufortNumberFour BeaufortNumberFive)
(instance BeaufortNumberSix BeaufortNumber)
(successorAttribute BeaufortNumberFive BeaufortNumberSix)
(instance BeaufortNumberSeven BeaufortNumber)
(successorAttribute BeaufortNumberSix BeaufortNumberSeven)
(instance BeaufortNumberEight BeaufortNumber)
(successorAttribute BeaufortNumberSeven BeaufortNumberEight)
(instance BeaufortNumberNine BeaufortNumber)
(successorAttribute BeaufortNumberEight BeaufortNumberNine)
(instance BeaufortNumberTen BeaufortNumber)
(successorAttribute BeaufortNumberNine BeaufortNumberTen)
(instance BeaufortNumberEleven BeaufortNumber)
(successorAttribute BeaufortNumberTen BeaufortNumberEleven)
(instance BeaufortNumberTwelve BeaufortNumber)
(successorAttribute BeaufortNumberEleven BeaufortNumberTwelve)

;;----------------------------------------------------------------------

;;  G. Weather & Climate

(subclass WeatherProcess InternalChange)

(documentation WeatherProcess "&%WeatherProcess is the broadest class of 
processes that involve weather, including seasons, weather systems, and 
short-term weather events.")

(subclass WeatherSeason WeatherProcess)
	
(documentation WeatherSeason "&%WeatherSeason is the class of seasonal 
processes that are characterized by various weather patterns.  
&%WeatherSeasons may recur on a regular annual basis, on a different 
pattern, or irregularly.")

(subclass Monsoon WeatherSeason)
(subclass HurricaneSeason WeatherSeason)
(subclass ElNino WeatherSeason)

(subclass WeatherSystem WeatherProcess)

(documentation WeatherSystem "&%WeatherSystem is the class of 
large-scale atmospheric processes that influence weather in a region 
for 2-5 days.")

(subclass LowPressureWeatherSystem WeatherSystem)

(documentation LowPressureWeatherSystem "&%LowPressureWeatherSystem is 
the class of weather systems characterized by low or unstable 
&%barometricPressures.  Low pressure systems typically introduce 
unsettled weather, frequently including storms.")

(=>
	(and
		(instance ?SYSTEM LowPressureWeatherSystem)
		(located ?SYSTEM ?AREA))
	(and
		(barometricPressure ?AREA (MeasureFn ?AMOUNT InchMercury))
		(lessThan ?AMOUNT 29.5)))

(subclass CyclonicStorm LowPressureWeatherSystem)
(subclass CyclonicStorm Windstorm)

(documentation CyclonicStorm "&%CyclonicStorm is the class of 
&%LowPressureWeatherSystems that involve a low pressure area 
surrounded by rapidly rotating winds, with the whole system 
typically moving forward at 20-30 mph.") 

(subclass TropicalCyclone CyclonicStorm)

(documentation TropicalCyclone "&%TropicalCyclone is the class of 
&%CyclonicStorms that occur in the &%Tropics and typically have 
rotational winds of hurricane force (74 mph or higher).")

(=>
	(instance ?STORM TropicalCyclone)
	(exists (?PLACE)
		(and
			(instance ?PLACE GeographicArea)
			(geographicSubregion ?PLACE Tropics)
			(located ?STORM ?PLACE))))

(subclass Typhoon TropicalCyclone)

(subclass HighPressureWeatherSystem WeatherSystem)

(documentation HighPressureWeatherSystem "&%HighPressureWeatherSystem is 
the class of weather systems characterized by high &%barometricPressures.  
High pressure systems typically cause clear weather.")

(=>
	(and
		(instance ?SYSTEM HighPressureWeatherSystem)
		(located ?SYSTEM ?AREA))
	(and
		(barometricPressure ?AREA (MeasureFn ?AMOUNT InchMercury))
		(greaterThan ?AMOUNT 30.2)))

(subclass StormSystem WeatherSystem)

(subclass WeatherFront WeatherProcess)

(documentation WeatherFront "&%WeatherFront is the class of weather 
processes that are involve relationships between two air masses, such 
as a high pressure weather system or a low pressure system.")

(subclass WarmFront WeatherFront)

(documentation WarmFront "&%WarmFront is the class of transitional 
weather processes occurring between a warm air mass that is advancing 
upon a cool air mass.")

(subclass ColdFront WeatherFront)

(documentation ColdFront "&%ColdFront is the class of transitional 
weather processes occurring between a cold air mass that is advancing 
upon a warm air mass.")

(subclass OccludedFront WeatherFront)

(documentation OccludedFront "&%OccludedFront is the class of complex 
weather transition processes in which a cold air mass overtakes a warm 
air mass.")

(subclass StationaryFront WeatherFront)

(documentation StationaryFront "&%StationaryFront is the class of 
boundary areas between two air masses that are stationary, with neither 
mass presently replacing the other.")


(subclass Thunderstorm WeatherProcess) 
(subclass Waterspout WeatherProcess)	
(subclass Hurricane WeatherProcess)	


;;---------------------------------

;; Weather- and climate-related data

(instance daylightHoursInterval TernaryPredicate)
(domain daylightHoursInterval 1 Region)
(domainSubclass daylightHoursInterval 2 Day)
(domain daylightHoursInterval 3 TimeInterval)

(documentation daylightHoursInterval 
"(&%daylightHoursInterval ?PLACE ?DAY ?INTERVAL) means that in the 
&%Region ?PLACE, on the &%Day indicated by ?DAY, there is daylight 
during the &%TimeInterval ?INTERVAL.")

(instance daylightHoursTotal TernaryPredicate)
(domain daylightHoursTotal 1 Region)
(domainSubclass daylightHoursTotal 2 Day)
(domain daylightHoursTotal 3 TimeDuration)

(documentation daylightHoursTotal 
"(&%daylightHoursTotal ?PLACE ?DAY ?TIME) means that in the &%Region 
?PLACE, on the &%Day indicated by ?DAY, there is daylight for a 
total &%TimeDuration ?LENGTH.")

(instance cloudCoverFraction BinaryPredicate)
(domain cloudCoverFraction 1 Region)
(domain cloudCoverFraction 2 NonnegativeRealNumber)

(documentation cloudCoverFraction "(&%cloudCoverFraction ?AREA ?AMOUNT) 
means that in the &%Region ?AREA, the fraction ?AMOUNT of the sky is 
covered with clouds.")

(subclass ClearWeather WeatherProcess)

(documentation ClearWeather "&%ClearWeather represents a condition 
in which less than 30% of the sky is covered with clouds.")

(=>
	(and
		(instance ?AREA GeographicArea)
		(instance ?WEATHER ClearWeather)
		(located ?WEATHER ?AREA))
	(exists (?FRACTION)
		(and
			(cloudCoverFraction ?AREA ?FRACTION)
			(lessThan ?FRACTION 0.3))))

(=>
	(and
		(instance ?AREA GeographicArea)
		(instance ?WEATHER ClearWeather)
		(located ?WEATHER ?AREA)
		(cloudCoverFraction ?AREA ?FRACTION))
	(lessThan ?FRACTION 0.3))

(subclass PartlyCloudyWeather WeatherProcess)

(documentation PartlyCloudyWeather "&%PartlyCloudyWeather 
represents a condition in which between 30% and 70% of the 
sky is covered with clouds.")

(=>
	(and
		(instance ?AREA GeographicArea)
		(instance ?WEATHER PartlyCloudyWeather)
		(located ?WEATHER ?AREA))
	(exists (?FRACTION)
		(and
			(cloudCoverFraction ?AREA ?FRACTION)
			(greaterThanOrEqualTo ?FRACTION 0.3)
			(lessThanOrEqualTo ?FRACTION 0.7))))

(=>
	(and
		(instance ?AREA GeographicArea)
		(instance ?WEATHER PartlyCloudyWeather)
		(located ?WEATHER ?AREA)
		(cloudCoverFraction ?AREA ?FRACTION))
	(and
		(greaterThanOrEqualTo ?FRACTION 0.3)
		(lessThanOrEqualTo ?FRACTION 0.7)))

(subclass OvercastWeather WeatherProcess)

(documentation OvercastWeather "&%OvercastWeather represents
 a condition in which more than 70% of the sky is covered 
with clouds.")

(=>
	(and
		(instance ?AREA GeographicArea)
		(instance ?WEATHER OvercastWeather)
		(located ?WEATHER ?AREA))
	(exists (?FRACTION)
		(and
			(cloudCoverFraction ?AREA ?FRACTION)
			(greaterThan ?FRACTION 0.7))))

(=>
	(and
		(instance ?AREA GeographicArea)
		(instance ?WEATHER OvercastWeather)
		(located ?WEATHER ?AREA)
		(cloudCoverFraction ?AREA ?FRACTION))
	(greaterThan ?FRACTION 0.7))

(instance overcastDaysInPeriod BinaryPredicate)
(domain overcastDaysInPeriod 1 GeographicArea)
(domain overcastDaysInPeriod 2 TimeDuration)
(domain overcastDaysInPeriod 3 NonnegativeRealNumber)

(documentation overcastDaysInPeriod 
"(&%overcastDaysInPeriod ?AREA ?PERIOD ?NUMBER) means that during the 
time ?PERIOD, the &%GeographicArea ?AREA experienced ?NUMBER of 
&%OvercastWeather days.")

(instance airTemperature BinaryPredicate)
(instance airTemperature AsymmetricRelation)
(domain airTemperature 1 Object)
(domain airTemperature 2 ConstantQuantity)

(documentation airTemperature 
"(&%airTemperature ?AREA ?TEMP) means that the temperature of the 
air at ?AREA is ?TEMP.  Temperature may be expressed in units of 
&%TemperatureMeasure, including &%CelsiusDegree and &%FahrenheitDegree, 
among others.")

(instance seaSurfaceTemperature BinaryPredicate)
(instance seaSurfaceTemperature AsymmetricRelation)
(domain seaSurfaceTemperature 1 WaterArea)
(domain seaSurfaceTemperature 2 ConstantQuantity)

(documentation seaSurfaceTemperature 
"(&%seaSurfaceTemperature ?AREA ?TEMP) means that the 
temperature of the sea surface at ?AREA is ?TEMP.  
Temperature may be expressed in units of &%TemperatureMeasure, 
including &%CelsiusDegree and &%FahrenheitDegree, among others.")

(instance averageTemperatureForPeriod TernaryPredicate)
(domain averageTemperatureForPeriod 1 GeographicArea)
(domain averageTemperatureForPeriod 2 TimeDuration)
(domain averageTemperatureForPeriod 3 TemperatureMeasure)

(documentation averageTemperatureForPeriod 
"(&%averageTemperatureForPeriod ?PLACE ?PERIOD ?AMOUNT) means that 
at the &%GeographicArea ?PLACE, and during the &%TimeDuration 
?PERIOD, the average daily temperature was ?AMOUNT.  Temperature 
may be expressed in units of &%TemperatureMeasure, including 
&%CelsiusDegree and &%FahrenheitDegree, among others.")

(instance highestTemperatureForPeriod TernaryPredicate)
(domain highestTemperatureForPeriod 1 GeographicArea)
(domain highestTemperatureForPeriod 2 TimeDuration)
(domain highestTemperatureForPeriod 3 TemperatureMeasure)

(documentation highestTemperatureForPeriod 
"(&%highestTemperatureForPeriod ?PLACE ?PERIOD ?AMOUNT) means that 
at the &%GeographicArea ?PLACE, during the &%TimeDuration ?PERIOD, 
the highest temperature was ?AMOUNT.  Temperature may be expressed 
in units of &%TemperatureMeasure, including &%CelsiusDegree and 
&%FahrenheitDegree, among others.")

(instance lowestTemperatureForPeriod TernaryPredicate)
(domain lowestTemperatureForPeriod 1 GeographicArea)
(domain lowestTemperatureForPeriod 2 TimeDuration)
(domain lowestTemperatureForPeriod 3 TemperatureMeasure)

(documentation lowestTemperatureForPeriod 
"(&%lowestTemperatureForPeriod ?PLACE ?PERIOD ?AMOUNT) means that 
at the &%GeographicArea ?PLACE, during the &%TimeDuration ?PERIOD, 
the highest temperature was ?AMOUNT.  Temperature may be expressed 
in units of &%TemperatureMeasure, including &%CelsiusDegree and 
&%FahrenheitDegree, among others.")

(instance barometricPressure BinaryPredicate)
(instance barometricPressure AsymmetricRelation)
(subrelation barometricPressure measure)
(domain barometricPressure 1 Object)
(domain barometricPressure 2 PressureMeasure)

(documentation barometricPressure 
"(&%barometricPressure ?AREA ?PRESSURE) means that the atmospheric 
pressure measured at ?AREA is ?PRESSURE.  Barometric pressure is 
typically expressed in units of &%InchMercury or &%MmMercury.  For 
example, standard sea level pressure is 29.92 inches (760 mm) of mercury: 
(&%barometricPressure &%SeaLevel (&%MeasureFn 29.92 &%InchMercury)).")

(subclass PressureMeasure ConstantQuantity)

(documentation PressureMeasure "&%PressureMeasure is the class 
of &%UnitsOfMeasure used to measure pressure (&%barometricPressure), 
e.g., &%InchMercury.")

(subclass InchMercury PressureMeasure)
(instance InchMercury UnitOfMeasure)

(documentation InchMercury "&%InchMercury is a &%UnitOfMeasure 
for &%barometricPressure.  It is used to express the number of 
inches of mercury supported in a mercurial barometer by the 
surrounding air pressure.")

(subclass MmMercury PressureMeasure)
(instance MmMercury UnitOfMeasure)

(documentation MmMercury "&%MmMercury is a &%UnitOfMeasure 
for &%barometricPressure.  It is used to express the number 
of millimeters of mercury supported in a mercurial barometer
 by the surrounding air pressure.")

;;---------------------------------

(instance relativeHumidity BinaryPredicate)
(instance relativeHumidity AsymmetricRelation)
(domain relativeHumidity 1 Object)
(domain relativeHumidity 2 NonnegativeRealNumber)

(documentation relativeHumidity "(&%relativeHumidity ?AREA ?AMOUNT) 
means that the amount of moisture in the air at ?AREA is ?AMOUNT.  
Relative humidity expresses the amount of moisture as a percentage, 
or ratio, between the actual moisture saturation of the air compared 
to the potential moisture saturation of the air.  At full (potential) 
saturation, precipitation would occur.")

(=>
	(relativeHumidity ?PLACE 1)
	(exists (?FALLING)
		(and
			(instance ?FALLING Precipitation)
			(located ?FALLING ?PLACE))))


(subclass Raining Precipitation)

(documentation Raining "&%Raining is a precipitation process 
in which water falls in a &%Liquid state.")

(=>
	(instance ?PROCESS Raining)
	(precipitationState ?PROCESS Liquid))

(subclass FreezingRain Precipitation)
(=>
	(instance ?PROCESS FreezingRain)
	(precipitationState ?PROCESS Liquid))
(=>
	(and
		(instance ?PROCESS FreezingRain)
		(patient ?PROCESS ?STUFF)
		(instance ?STUFF Water))
	(holdsDuring (ImmediateFutureFn (WhenFn ?PROCESS)) (attribute ?STUFF Solid)))

(subclass Snowing Precipitation)
(=>
	(instance ?PROCESS Snowing)
	(precipitationState ?PROCESS Solid))

(subclass Sleeting Precipitation)
(=>
	(instance ?PROCESS Sleeting)
	(precipitationState ?PROCESS Solid))

(subclass Hailing Precipitation)
(=>
	(instance ?PROCESS Hailing)
	(precipitationState ?PROCESS Solid))

(instance precipitationState BinaryPredicate)
(instance precipitationState AsymmetricRelation)
(domain precipitationState 1 WeatherProcess)
(domain precipitationState 2 PhysicalState)

(documentation precipitationState 
"(&%precipitationState ?EVENT ?STATE) means that in the &%Precipitation 
?EVENT, the stuff falling is in the &%PhysicalState ?STATE (e.g., 
liquid or solid ice).")

(=>
	(precipitationState ?EVENT ?STATE)
	(exists (?STUFF)
		(and
			(instance ?STUFF Water)
			(patient ?EVENT ?STUFF)
			(attribute ?STUFF ?STATE))))

(instance precipitationRate BinaryPredicate)
(instance precipitationRate AsymmetricRelation)
(domain precipitationRate 1 Precipitation)
(domain precipitationRate 2 FunctionQuantity)

(documentation precipitationRate 
"(&%precipitationRate ?EVENT ?RATE) means that in the 
&%Precipitation ?EVENT, the precipitation falls at a rate 
of ?RATE.")

(instance precipitationAmount BinaryPredicate)
(instance precipitationAmount AsymmetricRelation)
(domain precipitationAmount 1 Precipitation)
(domain precipitationAmount 2 ConstantQuantity) 

(documentation precipitationAmount 
"(&%precipitationAmount ?EVENT ?AMOUNT) means that in the 
&%Precipitation process ?EVENT, the quantity of precipitation 
that fell was ?AMOUNT.")

(instance averagePrecipitationForPeriod TernaryPredicate)
(domain averagePrecipitationForPeriod 1 GeographicArea)
(domain averagePrecipitationForPeriod 2 TimeDuration)
(domain averagePrecipitationForPeriod 3 ConstantQuantity)

(documentation averagePrecipitationForPeriod 
"(&%averagePrecipitationForPeriod ?PLACE ?PERIOD ?AMOUNT) means 
that at the &%GeographicArea ?PLACE, and during the &%TimeDuration 
?PERIOD, the average daily precipitation was ?AMOUNT.")

(instance totalPrecipitationForPeriod TernaryPredicate)
(domain totalPrecipitationForPeriod 1 GeographicArea)
(domain totalPrecipitationForPeriod 2 TimeDuration)
(domain totalPrecipitationForPeriod 3 ConstantQuantity)

(documentation totalPrecipitationForPeriod 
"(&%totalPrecipitationForPeriod ?PLACE ?PERIOD ?AMOUNT) means that 
at the &%GeographicArea ?PLACE, and during the &%TimeDuration ?PERIOD, 
the total amount of precipitation was ?AMOUNT.")


;---------------------------------------------------------------------------

;; 	H. Vegetation and biomes

(instance vegetationType BinaryRelation)
(instance vegetationType AsymmetricRelation)

(documentation vegetationType "(&%vegetationType ?area ?type) associates 
a particular &%GeographicArea with a type of &%Plant that is found there.")

(domain vegetationType 1 GeographicArea)
(domainSubclass vegetationType 2 Plant)
(=>
	(and
		(vegetationType ?REGION ?TYPE)
		(subclass ?TYPE Plant)
		(instance ?REGION GeographicArea))
	(exists (?PLANT)
		(and
			(instance ?PLANT ?TYPE)
			(located ?PLANT ?REGION))))
(=>
	(and
		(not (vegetationType ?REGION ?TYPE))
		(subclass ?TYPE Plant)
		(instance ?REGION GeographicArea))
	(not 	(exists (?PLANT)
			(and
				(instance ?PLANT ?TYPE)
				(located ?PLANT ?REGION)))))

(instance vegetationTypePattern TernaryPredicate)

(documentation vegetationTypePattern 
"(&%vegetationTypePattern ?AREA ?TYPE ?DENSITY) means that in the 
&%GeographicArea ?AREA the &%Plant ?TYPE is found with ?DENSITY.")

(domain vegetationTypePattern 1 GeographicArea)
(domainSubclass vegetationTypePattern 2 Plant)
(domain vegetationTypePattern 3 Attribute)
(=>
	(vegetationTypePattern ?AREA ?TYPE ?DENSITY)
	(vegetationType ?AREA ?TYPE))

(instance CanopiedVegetation Attribute)

(documentation CanopiedVegetation "&%CanopiedVegetation describes the 
density of vegetation in a &%RainForest or &%Jungle.")

(instance DenseVegetation Attribute)

(documentation DenseVegetation "&%DenseVegetation describes the 
density of vegetation in a &%Forest.")

(instance GroundCoverVegetation Attribute)

(documentation GroundCoverVegetation "&%GroundCoverVegetation 
describes the density of uniform low vegetation in a field or meadow.")

(instance ScatteredVegetation Attribute)

(documentation ScatteredVegetation "&%ScatteredVegetation describes 
the pattern of vegetation in which plants appear at intervals.")

(instance SparseVegetation Attribute)

(documentation SparseVegetation "&%SparseVegetation describes the 
pattern of vegetation in an area where there is very little vegetation.")

(subclass BotanicalTree FloweringPlant)

(documentation BotanicalTree "&%BotanicalTree is an imprecise term 
for a perennial woody plant that is larger than a bush or shrub, 
generally understood to describe a large growth having one main trunk 
with few or no branches projecting from its base, a well-developed crown 
of foliage, and a height at maturity of at least 12 feet.")

(subclass Shrub FloweringPlant)

(documentation Shrub "&%Shrub is the class of low, perennial, 
typically multi-stemmed woody plants, called shrubs or bushes.")

(=>
	(and
		(instance ?TREE BotanicalTree)
		(instance ?BUSH Shrub)
		(height ?TREE ?TALL)
		(height ?BUSH ?SHORT))
	(greaterThan ?TALL ?SHORT))

(subclass Lichen NonFloweringPlant)

(documentation Lichen "&%Lichen is the class of complex thallyphytic 
plants made up of &%Alga and &%Fungus growing symbiotically.")

(=>
	(instance ?LICH Lichen)
	(exists (?ALGA)
		(and 
			(instance ?ALGA Alga)
			(part ?ALGA ?LICH))))

(=>
	(instance ?LICH Lichen)
	(exists (?FUNG)
		(and 
			(instance ?FUNG Fungus)
			(part ?FUNG ?LICH))))

;;--------------------------------

; Biome types:

(subclass Biome Ecosystem)

(documentation Biome "&%Biome is the class of &%GeographicAreas 
representing major kinds of ecological communities, that is, areas in 
which certain kinds of plants, animals, weather, and terrain interact 
to produce and support a distinctive ecosystem.")

(subclass Forest LandArea)

(documentation Forest "&%Forest is the class of large &%LandAreas that 
are covered by trees and associated undergrowth, either growing wild or 
managed for the purpose of timber production.")  

(=>
	(instance ?FOREST Forest)
	(vegetationTypePattern ?FOREST BotanicalTree DenseVegetation))

(subclass RainForest Biome)
(subclass RainForest Forest)

(documentation RainForest "&%RainForest is the subclass of &%LandAreas 
that are densely planted with trees.")

(=>
	(instance ?FOREST RainForest)
	(vegetationTypePattern ?FOREST BotanicalTree CanopiedVegetation))

(subclass TropicalRainForest RainForest)
(subclass TemperateRainForest TemperateHardwoodForest)
(subclass TemperateRainForest RainForest)

(subclass TemperateHardwoodForest Biome)
(subclass TemperateHardwoodForest Forest)

(subclass BorealForest Biome)
(subclass BorealForest Forest)
(subclass PineTree BotanicalTree)

(documentation PineTree "Pines are coniferous &%BotanicalTrees of the 
genus Pinus, in the family Pinaceae.  They are evergreens, with needle-
shaped leaves and propagate by dropping pine cones, which contains
seeds.  (from Wikipedia)") 

(=>
	(instance ?FOREST BorealForest)
	(vegetationType ?FOREST PineTree))

(subclass Jungle Biome)
(subclass Jungle LandArea)

(documentation Jungle "&%Jungle is a subclass of fertile &%LandAreas 
that are overgrown with tropical vegetation.")

(=>
	(instance ?FOREST Jungle)
	(vegetationTypePattern ?FOREST Plant DenseVegetation))

(subclass Swamp LandArea)

(documentation Swamp "&%Swamp is a subclass of &%LandAreas that are 
inundated with water.  Swamps are low, wet land with grasses and possibly 
trees as vegetation.")

(=>
	(instance ?SWAMP Swamp)
	(attribute ?SWAMP Damp))
(=>
	(instance ?SWAMP Swamp)
	(vegetationTypePattern ?SWAMP Grass DenseVegetation))


(subclass Desert LandArea)

(documentation Desert "&%Desert is a subclass of &%LandAreas that are 
arid regions having sparse or no vegetation.")

(=>
	(instance ?DESERT Desert)
	(attribute ?DESERT Dry))

(=>
	(instance ?DESERT Desert)
	(or
		(groundSurfaceType ?DESERT Rock)
		(groundSurfaceType ?DESERT Sand)))	

(=>
	(instance ?DESERT Desert)
	(not (vegetationType ?DESERT BotanicalTree)))

(subclass Oasis Biome)
(subclass Oasis LandArea)

(documentation Oasis "&%Oasis is a subclass of &%LandAreas that are 
fertile places within a desert, which have water and some vegetation.")

(=>
	(instance ?OASIS Oasis)
	(exists (?DESERT)
		(and
			(instance ?DESERT Desert)
			(located ?OASIS ?DESERT))))
(=>
	(instance ?OASIS Oasis)
	(exists (?WATER)
		(and
			(instance ?WATER FreshWaterArea)
			(located ?WATER ?OASIS))))
(=>
	(instance ?OASIS Oasis)
	(attribute ?OASIS FertileTerrain))

(subclass Grassland Biome)
(subclass Grassland LandArea)

(documentation Grassland "&%Grassland is the class of &%LandAreas 
where the predominant vegetation is some kind of grass.")

(=>
	(instance ?PLAIN Grassland)
	(vegetationTypePattern ?PLAIN Grass GroundCoverVegetation))

(subclass Prairie Grassland)
(subclass Prairie Plain)

(documentation Prairie "&%Prairie is a class of large plains 
&%LandAreas with tall grass vegetation.")

(subclass Pampa Grassland)
(subclass Pampa Plain)

(documentation Pampa "&%Pampa is a class of vast, level, typically grassy 
&%Plains of land in South America.")

(=> 
	(instance ?PLAIN Pampa)
	(located ?PLAIN SouthAmerica))

(subclass Savanna Grassland)
(subclass Savanna Plain)

(documentation Savanna "&%Savanna is a class of tropical or subtropical 
&%Grasslands, typically treeless.")

(=>
	(instance ?PLAIN Savanna)
	(not (vegetationType ?PLAIN BotanicalTree)))

(subclass Steppe Plain)

(documentation Steppe "&%Steppe is a subclass of &%Plain, representing 
vast, level, treeless areas of land in Asia or SE Europe.")

(=>
	(instance ?PLAIN Steppe)
	(not (vegetationType ?PLAIN BotanicalTree)))
(=>
	(instance ?PLAIN Steppe)
	(or
		(located ?PLAIN Europe)
		(located ?PLAIN Asia)))

(subclass Veldt Grassland)
(subclass Veldt Plain)

(documentation Veldt "&%Veldt is a subclass of &%Grasslands which have 
scattered shrubs or trees.")

(=>
	(instance ?PLAIN Veldt)
	(located ?PLAIN Africa))
(=>
	(instance ?PLAIN Veldt)
	(vegetationTypePattern ?PLAIN Shrub ScatteredVegetation))

(subclass ArcticRegion LandArea)
(documentation ArcticRegion "The area above the ArticCircle, which is
66 degrees 33 minutes and 38 seconds north latitude.  It is dark
for at least 24 hours at some point during the year, with an
increasing period of yearly continuous darkness as one gets closer
to the North Pole.")

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?REGION GeographicArea)
    (located ?REGION ArcticRegion))
  (exists (?DAY)
    (and
      (instance ?DAY Day)
      (holdsDuring ?DAY
        (not 
          (attribute ?REGION Illuminated))))))
          
(subclass Tundra Biome)
(subclass Tundra Plain)
(subclass Tundra ArcticRegion)

(documentation Tundra "&%Tundra is a subclass of flat, treeless &%Plains 
areas lying within the &%ArcticRegion.  Subsoil in &%Tundra is permanently 
frozen.")

(=>
	(instance ?PLAIN Tundra)
	(vegetationType ?PLAIN Lichen))
(=>
	(instance ?PLAIN Tundra)
	(vegetationType ?PLAIN Moss))

(subclass Agriculture Maintaining)

(documentation Agriculture "&%Agriculture is a class of &%Processes 
in which land, plants, or animals are cultivated in order to produce 
food or other organic products.")

(=>
	(instance ?AGRO Agriculture)
	(exists (?GROWTH)
		(and
			(instance ?GROWTH Growth)
			(subProcess ?GROWTH ?AGRO))))

;;------------------------------------------------------------------------

;;	I. Natural Disasters (covered in CIA World Fact Book)

(subclass Landslide GeologicalProcess)
(subclass Mudslide Landslide)
(subclass Mudflow Landslide) 
(subclass Rockslide Landslide)
; TurbidityCurrents are underwater mudslides w/salt water

(subclass WindProcess WeatherProcess)
(subclass Windstorm WindProcess) 
(subclass StrongWind WindProcess)
(subclass Sirocco WindProcess)
(subclass HarmattanWind WindProcess)
(subclass Khamsin Windstorm)
(subclass Mistral WindProcess)

(subclass Ghibli WindProcess)
(subclass ChinookWind WindProcess)
(subclass Pampero Windstorm)

(subclass Squall WeatherProcess)
(subclass SevereThunderstorm WeatherProcess)
(subclass HeavyRaining Raining)


(subclass DustStorm WeatherProcess)
(subclass Sandstorm WeatherProcess)

(subclass Blizzard WeatherProcess)
(subclass Zud WeatherProcess)

(subclass Tsunami WeatherProcess)
(subclass HeavySurf Process)

(subclass CoastalFlooding Flooding)
(subclass FlashFlooding Flooding)

(subclass MaritimeHazard Object) 
(subclass Reef MaritimeHazard) 
(subclass Shoal MaritimeHazard)

(subclass Iceberg SelfConnectedObject)
(subclass SeaIce Object) ; incl glaciers in sea, floes, bergs

(subclass Icing Process)
(subclass Fog WeatherProcess)
(subclass Haze Process)

(subclass VolcanicGasRelease VolcanicEruption)

(subclass LandSubsidence GeologicalProcess)  ; &%elevation decreases

(=>
	(instance ?SINKING LandSubsidence)
	(exists (?LAND)
		(and
			(instance ?LAND LandArea)
			(exactlyLocated ?SINKING ?LAND)
			(patient ?SINKING ?LAND))))

(=>
	(and
		(instance ?SINKING LandSubsidence)
		(patient ?SINKING ?LAND)
		(instance ?LAND LandArea)
		(elevation ?LAND ?HEIGHT1))
	(holdsDuring (ImmediateFutureFn (WhenFn ?SINKING))
		(exists (?HEIGHT2)
			(and
				(elevation ?LAND ?HEIGHT2)
				(lessThan ?HEIGHT2 ?HEIGHT1)))))

(subclass Locust Animal)
(subclass Swarming Process)
(subclass Famine Process)

;;------------------------------------------------------------------------

;; J. Environmental Areas of Concern

(instance regionalIssue BinaryPredicate)
(domain regionalIssue 1 GeographicArea)
(domain regionalIssue 2 AreaOfConcern)

(documentation regionalIssue "(&%regionalIssue ?AREA ?ISSUE) means 
that the &%AreaOfConcern ?ISSUE is relevant to a problem in the 
&%GeographicArea ?AREA.")

; rework this AreaOfConcern hierarchy, and associate the relevant processes:

(subclass EnvironmentalIssue AreaOfConcern)
(instance AcidificationIssue EnvironmentalIssue)
(instance AcidRainIssue EnvironmentalIssue)
(instance AerosolParticulateIssue EnvironmentalIssue)
(instance DeforestationIssue EnvironmentalIssue)
(subclass SoilQualityIssue EnvironmentalIssue)
(instance SoilErosionIssue SoilQualityIssue)
(instance SoilDegradationIssue SoilQualityIssue)
(instance SoilExhaustionIssue SoilQualityIssue)
(subclass EnvironmentalWaterIssue EnvironmentalIssue)
(instance LimitedFreshWaterIssue EnvironmentalWaterIssue)	; WaterResource or FreshwaterResource
(instance InadequatePotableWaterIssue EnvironmentalWaterIssue)
(instance OvergrazingIssue EnvironmentalIssue)
(instance DesertificationIssue EnvironmentalIssue)
(instance AirPollutionIssue PollutionIssue)
(instance SoilPollutionIssue PollutionIssue)
(instance SoilPollutionIssue SoilQualityIssue)

(instance WaterPollutionIssue EnvironmentalWaterIssue)
(subAttribute GroundwaterPollutionIssue WaterPollutionIssue)

(subclass PollutionIssue EnvironmentalIssue)
(instance IndustrialPollutionIssue PollutionIssue)
(instance VehicleEmissionsIssue PollutionIssue)
(instance PowerPlantEmissionsIssue PollutionIssue)
(instance ToxicWasteDisposalIssue PollutionIssue)
(instance RawSewagePollutionIssue PollutionIssue)

(instance WaterInfrastructureIssue EnvironmentalIssue)
(instance WastewaterIssue WaterInfrastructureIssue)
(instance SolidWasteDisposalIssue PollutionIssue)
(instance OverpopulationIssue EnvironmentalIssue)
(subclass BiodiversityIssue EnvironmentalIssue)
(instance SiltationIssue EnvironmentalIssue)
(instance OzoneDepletionIssue EnvironmentalIssue)
(instance UVLevelsIssue EnvironmentalIssue)
(instance ClimateWarmingIssue ClimateChangeIssue)
(instance ClimateChangeIssue EnvironmentalIssue)
(instance WaterManagementIssue EnvironmentalIssue) ; see WaterInfrastructureIssue 
(instance EndangeredSpeciesIssue BiodiversityIssue)
(subAttribute EndangeredMarineWildlifeIssue EndangeredSpeciesIssue)
(instance FragileEcosystemIssue BiodiversityIssue)
(instance ThinningPolarIcepackIssue ClimateChangeIssue)
(instance ToxicChemicalPollutionIssue PollutionIssue)
(instance NuclearEnvironmentalIssue PollutionIssue)
(instance OilPollutionIssue PollutionIssue)
(instance FishStockDepletionIssue EnvironmentalIssue)
(instance UrbanizationIssue EnvironmentalIssue) ; urban waste disposal
(subAttribute SoilSalinityIssue SoilDegradationIssue)
(instance FarmingPracticesIssue EnvironmentalIssue)
(instance AgriculturalChemicalsIssue EnvironmentalIssue) ; nitrogen, phosphorus - agricultural runoff
(instance PesticideIssue EnvironmentalIssue)
(instance LandClearingIssue BiodiversityIssue) ; ?
(instance ForestDegradation EnvironmentalIssue)
(instance HydrocarbonEmissionsIssue AirPollutionIssue)
(instance CoastalDegradation 	EnvironmentalIssue) ; damage to coastline, coral reefs, and sea vegetation
(instance CoralReefDecayIssue EnvironmentalIssue)
(instance CoastalMarinePollutionIssue EnvironmentalIssue)

(instance PopulationMigrationIssue EnvironmentalIssue)

(subclass DiseaseConditionsIssue EnvironmentalIssue)
(instance WaterBorneDiseaseIssue EnvironmentalIssue)
(instance InadequateSanitationIssue EnvironmentalIssue)

(instance PollutedFishStocksIssue EnvironmentalIssue)
(instance NuclearPollutionIssue EnvironmentalIssue)
(instance WildlifePoachingIssue EnvironmentalIssue)
(instance AsbestosDisposalIssue EnvironmentalIssue)
(instance IllegalWildlifeTradeIssue EnvironmentalIssue)
(instance WetlandDegradationIssue EnvironmentalIssue)
(instance LossOfHabitatIssue EnvironmentalIssue)
(instance AgriculturalExpansionIssue EnvironmentalIssue)
(instance MiningPollutionIssue EnvironmentalIssue)
(instance LandminesIssue EnvironmentalIssue)
(instance DroughtIssue EnvironmentalIssue)
(instance IndigenousPeoplesPreservationIssue EnvironmentalIssue)
(instance InvasiveSpeciesIssue EnvironmentalIssue)
(instance DriftNetFishingIssue EnvironmentalIssue)
(instance UnexplodedOrdinanceIssue EnvironmentalIssue)
(instance FamineIssue EnvironmentalIssue)
(instance OverhuntingIssue EnvironmentalIssue)

; ResourceDepletion - air, water, wildlife, farmland, minerals
; Pollution - air, water, soil; from organics, oil, hydrocar, metallurg
; Sanitation - water, food supply, toxicity